This article is about the smartphone OS by Apple. For its tablet counterpart, see iPadOS. For the router/switch OS by Cisco Systems, see Cisco IOS. For the Greek island, see Ios. For other uses, see IOS (disambiguation).
Commercial logo as used by Apple, since 2017 |
|
iOS 16 running on an iPhone 13 |
|
| Developer | Apple Inc. |
|---|---|
| Written in | C, C++, Objective-C, Swift, assembly language |
| OS family | Unix-like, based on Darwin (BSD), macOS |
| Working state | Current |
| Source model | Closed, with open-source components |
| Initial release | June 29, 2007; 15 years ago |
| Latest release | 16.3.1[1] (20D47)[2] (February 13, 2023; 38 days ago) [±] |
| Latest preview | 16.4 RC[3] (20E246)[4] (March 21, 2023; 2 days ago) [±] |
| Marketing target | Smartphones, tablet computers, portable media players |
| Available in | 40 languages[5][6][7][8] |
| Update method | OTA (since iOS 5), Finder (from macOS Catalina onwards)[9] or iTunes (Windows and macOS pre-Catalina) |
| Platforms |
|
| Kernel type | Hybrid (XNU) |
| Default user interface |
Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI) |
| License | Proprietary software except for open-source components |
| Preceded by | Newton OS |
| Official website | apple.com/ios |
| Support status | |
| Supported | |
| Articles in the series | |
| iOS version history |
iOS (formerly iPhone OS)[10] is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company’s mobile devices, including the iPhone; the term also includes the system software for iPads predating iPadOS—which was introduced in 2019—as well as on the iPod Touch devices—which were discontinued in mid-2022.[11] It is the world’s second-most widely installed mobile operating system, after Android. It is the basis for three other operating systems made by Apple: iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS.[12] It is proprietary software, although some parts of it are open source under the Apple Public Source License and other licenses.[13]
Unveiled in 2007 for the first-generation iPhone, iOS has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (introduced: January 2010; availability: April 2010.) As of March 2018, Apple’s App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads.[14] These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.
Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current stable version, iOS 16, was released to the public on September 12, 2022.[15]
History
First iOS logotype (2010–2013), using Myriad Pro Semibold font
Second iOS logotype (2013–2017), using Myriad Pro Light font
Third iOS logotype (2017–present), using San Francisco Semibold font
In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either «shrink the Mac, which would be an epic feat of engineering, or enlarge the iPod». Jobs favored the former approach but pitted the Macintosh and iPod teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, respectively, against each other in an internal competition, with Forstall winning by creating the iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the iPhone as a platform for third-party developers: using a well-known desktop operating system as its basis allowed the many third-party Mac developers to write software for the iPhone with minimal retraining. Forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes.[16][17]
The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.[18][19][20] At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed: «iPhone runs OS X» and runs «desktop class applications»,[21][22] but at the time of the iPhone’s release, the operating system was renamed «iPhone OS».[23] Initially, third-party native applications were not supported. Jobs’ reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that «would behave like native apps on the iPhone».[24][25] In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and that they planned to put it «in developers’ hands in February».[26][27][28] On March 6, 2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK.[29][30]
The iOS App Store was opened on July 10, 2008, with an initial 500 applications available.[31] This quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008,[32] 15,000 in January 2009,[33] 50,000 in June 2009,[34] 100,000 in November 2009,[35][36] 250,000 in August 2010,[37][38] 650,000 in July 2012,[39] 1 million in October 2013,[40][41] 2 million in June 2016,[42][43][44] and 2.2 million in January 2017.[45][46] As of March 2016, 1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer.[47] These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.[42] App intelligence firm Sensor Tower estimated that the App Store would reach 5 million apps by 2020.[48]
In September 2007, Apple announced the iPod Touch, a redesigned iPod based on the iPhone form factor.[49] On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading, and offering multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, word processing documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch (25 cm) screen.[50][51][52] It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user’s computer.[53] AT&T was initially the sole U.S. provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad.[54]
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as «iOS».[55][56] The trademark «IOS» had been used by Cisco for over a decade for its operating system, IOS, used on its routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the «IOS» trademark from Cisco.[57]
The Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking.[58][59] It was released on April 24, 2015.[60][61][62] It uses watchOS as its operating system; watchOS is based on iOS, with new features created specially for the Apple Watch such as an activity tracking app.[citation needed]
In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Developer Academy in Naples inside University of Naples Federico II’s new campus.[63][64] The course is completely free, aimed at acquiring specific technical skills on the creation and management of applications for the Apple ecosystem platforms.[65] At the academy there are also issues of business administration (business planning and business management with a focus on digital opportunities) and there is a path dedicated to the design of graphical interfaces. Students have the opportunity to participate in the «Enterprise Track», an in-depth training experience on the entire life cycle of an app, from design to implementation, to security, troubleshooting, data storage and cloud usage.[66][67] As of 2020, the academy graduated almost a thousand students from all over the world, who have worked on 400 app ideas and have already published about 50 apps on the iOS App Store. In the 2018–2019 academic year, students from more than 30 countries arrived. 35 of these have been selected to attend the Worldwide Developer Conference, the annual Apple Developer Conference held annually in California in early June.[68][69]
On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the branded version of iOS for iPad, was announced at the 2019 WWDC; it was launched on September 25, 2019.[70]
Features
Interface
The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and buttons.[71] Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Various accessibility described in § Accessibility functions enable users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use iOS.[72]
iOS devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information «hub» on iOS devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. iOS homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user’s email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen.[73]
Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. The status bar itself contains two elements, the Control Center and the Notification Center. The Control Center can be «pulled» down from the top right of the notch, on the new iPhones, giving access to various toggles to manage the device more quickly without having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage brightness, volume, wireless connections, music player, etc.[74]
Instead, scrolling from the top left to the bottom will open the Notification Center, which in the latest versions of iOS is very similar to the lockscreen. It displays notifications in chronological order and groups them by application. From the notifications of some apps it is possible to interact directly, for example by replying a message directly from it. Notifications are sent in two modes, the important notifications that are displayed on the lock screen and signaled by a distinctive sound, accompanied by a warning banner and the app badge icon, and the secondary mode where they are displayed in the Notification Center, but they are not shown on the lock screen, nor are they indicated by warning banners, badge icons or sounds.[75][76]
On earlier iPhones with home button, screenshots can be created with the simultaneous press of the home and power buttons. In comparison to Android OS, which requires the buttons to be held down, a short press does suffice on iOS.[77] On the more recent iPhones which lack a physical home button, screenshots are captured using the volume-up and power buttons instead.[78]
The camera application used a skeuomorphic closing camera shutter animation prior to iOS 7. Since then, it uses a simple short blackout effect.[79] Notable additions over time include HDR photography and the option to save both normal and high dynamic range photographs simultaneously where the former prevents ghosting effects from moving objects (since iPhone 5, iOS 6), automatic HDR adjustment (iOS 7.1), «live photo» with short video bundled to each photo if enabled (iPhone 6s, iOS 9), and a digital zoom shortcut (iPhone 7 Plus, iOS 10).[80][81][82] Some camera settings such as video resolution and frame rate are not adjustable through the camera interface itself, but are outsourced to the system settings.[83]
A new feature in iOS 13 called «context menus» shows related actions when you touch and hold an item. When the context menu is displayed, the background is blurred.[84]
To choose from a few options, a selection control is used. Selectors can appear anchored at the bottom or in line with the content (called date selectors). Date selectors take on the appearance of any other selection control, but with a column for day, month, and optionally year.
Alerts appear in the center of the screen, but there are also alerts that scroll up from the bottom of the screen (called «action panels»). Destructive actions (such as eliminating any element) are colored red.
The official font of iOS is San Francisco. It is designed for small text readability, and is used throughout the operating system, including third-party apps.[84]
The icons are 180x180px in size for iPhones with a larger screen, usually models over 6 inches, including iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while it’s 120x120px on iPhones with smaller displays.[85]
Applications
iOS devices come with preinstalled apps developed by Apple including Mail, Maps, TV, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and many more.
Applications («apps») are the most general form of application software that can be installed on iOS. They are downloaded from the official catalog of the App Store digital store, where apps are subjected to security checks before being made available to users. In June 2017, Apple updated its guidelines to specify that app developers will no longer have the ability to use custom prompts for encouraging users to leave reviews for their apps.[86][87] IOS applications can also be installed directly from an IPA file provided by the software distributor, via unofficial ways. They are written using iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and, often, combined with Xcode, using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.
Applications for iOS are mostly built using components of UIKit, a programming framework. It allows applications to have a consistent look and feel with the OS, nevertheless offering customization.
Elements automatically update along with iOS updates, automatically including new interface rules. UIKit elements are very adaptable, this allows developers to design a single app that looks the same on any iOS device. In addition to defining the iOS interface, UIKit defines the functionality of the application.
At first, Apple did not intend to release an SDK to developers, because they did not want third-party apps to be developed for iOS, building web apps instead. However, this technology never entered into common use, this led Apple to change its opinion, so in October 2007 the SDK for developers was announced, finally released on March 6, 2008.
The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools,[88] including an audio mixer and an iPhone simulator. It is a free download for Mac users. It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.
Over the years, the Apple Store apps surpassed multiple major milestones, including 50,000,[89] 100,000,[90] 250,000,[91] 500,000,[92] 1 million,[93] and 2 million apps.[94] The billionth application was installed on April 24, 2009.[95]
Home screen
The home screen, rendered by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom where users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home screen appears whenever the user unlocks the device, presses the physical «Home» button while in an app, or swipes up from the bottom of the screen using the home bar.[96] Before iOS 4 on the iPhone 3GS (or later), the screen’s background could be customized only through jailbreaking, but can now be changed out-of-the-box. The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application. When a passcode is set and a user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is granted.[97]
In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts, messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. In iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open Notification Center and Control Center).[98][99] In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As with iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight. However, it can also be accessed as it was in iOS versions 3 through 6. This endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions, which include app suggestions, contact suggestions and news.[100] In iOS 10, Spotlight is at the top of the now-dedicated «Today» panel.[101]
Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home Screen. This feature is only available on third-generation devices—iPhone 3GS, third-generation iPod Touch (iOS 4.0 or newer), and all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)—or newer.[citation needed]
iOS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device’s wallpaper and icons in response to the movement of the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating icons. This effect is also visible in the tab view of Mail and Safari.[102]
Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and relatedness of the applications, as well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics.[103]
System font
iOS originally used Helvetica as the system font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue exclusively for the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display, and retained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4.[104] With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin typeface for low-resolution mobile screens. Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.[105][106] The release of iOS 7 also introduced the ability to scale text or apply other forms of text accessibility changes through Settings.[107][108] With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to San Francisco, an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its product lineup.[109][110]
Folders
iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and from then on, more items can be added to the folder using the same procedure. A title for the folder is automatically selected by the category of applications inside, but the name can also be edited by the user.[111] When apps inside folders receive notification badges, the individual numbers of notifications are added up and the total number is displayed as a notification badge on the folder itself.[111] Originally, folders on an iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20.[112] With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updated the folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of folder functionality. Each page of a folder can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in total, allowing for a total of 135 apps in a single folder.[113] In iOS 9, Apple updated folder sizes for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still at 15 pages maximum, increasing the total to 240 apps.[114]
Notification Center
Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered in a modal window and couldn’t be viewed after being dismissed. In iOS 5, Apple introduced Notification Center, which allows users to view a history of notifications. The user can tap a notification to open its corresponding app, or clear it.[115] Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps a received notification, the application that sent the notification will be opened. Users can also choose to view notifications in modal alert windows by adjusting the application’s notification settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets are now accessible through the Notification Center, defined by 3rd parties.[citation needed]
When an app sends a notification while closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the user, at a glance, how many notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge.
Accessibility
iOS offers various accessibility features to help users with vision and hearing disabilities. One major feature, VoiceOver, provides a voice reading information on the screen, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other user interface elements, and allows the user to navigate the operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit framework gets VoiceOver functionality built in.[116] One example includes holding up the iPhone to take a photo, with VoiceOver describing the photo scenery.[117] As part of a «Made for iPhone» program, introduced with the release of iOS 7 in 2013, Apple has developed technology to use Bluetooth and a special technology protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with iPhones and iPads for streaming audio directly to a user’s ears. Additional customization available for Made for iPhone products include battery tracking and adjustable sound settings for different environments.[118][119] Apple made further efforts for accessibility for the release of iOS 10 in 2016, adding a new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge objects through the device’s camera, software TTY support for deaf people to make phone calls from the iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-party developers to incorporate proper accessibility functions into their apps.[120]
In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic wrote that «the iPhone has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary developments since the invention of Braille»,[121] and in 2016, Steven Aquino of TechCrunch described Apple as «leading the way in assistive technology», with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that «We see accessibility as a basic human right. Building into the core of our products supports a vision of an inclusive world where opportunity and access to information are barrier-free, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals».[122]
Criticism has been aimed at iOS depending on both internet connection (either WiFi or through iTunes) and a working SIM card upon first activation.[123] This restriction has been loosened in iOS 12, which no longer requires the latter.[124]
Multitasking
Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of iOS 4.[125][126] Only certain devices—iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—were able to multitask.[127] The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in that November.[128]
The implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications in the background can perform to a limited function set and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.[127][129]
Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could however «jailbreak» their device in order to unofficially multitask.[130] Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:[131]
- Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content[132]
- Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress[132]
- Background location – application is notified of location changes[132]
- Push notifications
- Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time[132]
- Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task[132]
- Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time[132]
In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:
- Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user[132]
- External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular intervals[132]
- Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular intervals[132]
In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to perform background updates. This feature prefers to update the user’s most frequently used apps and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network, without markedly reducing the device’s battery life.
Switching applications
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-style interface appears from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which function as music controls, a rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a volume controller.
With the introduction of iOS 7, double-clicking the home button also activates the application switcher. However, unlike previous versions it displays screenshots of open applications on top of the icon and horizontal scrolling allows for browsing through previous apps, and it is possible to close applications by dragging them up, similar to how WebOS handled multiple cards.[133]
With the introduction of iOS 9, the application switcher received a significant visual change; while still retaining the card metaphor introduced in iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears above the screenshot (which is now larger, due to the removal of «Recent and Favorite Contacts»), and each application «card» overlaps the other, forming a rolodex effect as the user scrolls. Now, instead of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears rightmost.[134] In iOS 11, the application switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the Control Center and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can also be accessed by swiping up from the bottom. In the iPhone, the app switcher cannot be accessed if there are no apps in the RAM.
Ending tasks
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the icons in the application switcher makes them «jiggle» (similarly to the homescreen) and allows the user to force quit the applications by tapping the red minus circle that appears at the corner of the app’s icon.[135] Clearing applications from multitasking stayed the same from iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of iOS 6.
As of iOS 7, the process has become faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of holding the icons to close them, they are closed by simply swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.[136]
Task completion
Task completion allows apps to continue a certain task after the app has been suspended.[137][138] As of iOS 4.0, apps can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background.[139] This doesn’t extend to background uploads and downloads though (e.g. if a user starts a download in one application, it won’t finish if they switch away from the application).
Siri
Main article: Siri
Siri () is an intelligent personal assistant integrated into iOS. The assistant uses voice queries and a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users’ individual language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are individualized.
Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010,[140] it was acquired by Apple two months later,[141][142][143] and then integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October 2011.[144][145] At that time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS App Store.[146]
Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps.[147] With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri, including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps.[148][149] With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri’s voices for more clear, human voices, it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party actions.[150][151]
Game Center
Game Center is an online multiplayer «social gaming network»[152] released by Apple.[153] It allows users to «invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leaderboard.» iOS 5 and above adds support for profile photos.[152]
Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered Apple developers in August.[152] It was released on September 8, 2010, with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th generation.[154] Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.[155] There is no support for the iPhone 3G, original iPhone and the first-generation iPod Touch (the latter two devices did not have Game Center because they did not get iOS 4).[156] However, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.[157]
Hardware
The main hardware platform for iOS is the ARM architecture (the ARMv7, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A). iOS releases before iOS 7 can only be run on iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors (ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures). In 2013, iOS 7 was released with full 64-bit support (which includes a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all built-in applications),[158] after Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit ARMv8-A processors with the introduction of the Apple A7 chip.[159] 64-bit support was also enforced for all apps in the App Store; All new apps submitted to the App Store with a deadline of February 2015, and all app updates submitted to the App Store with a deadline of June 1, 2015.[160] iOS 11 drops support for all iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit applications,[161][162] making iOS 64-bit only.[163]
Supported locales
iOS has support for many locales.
| Language | English name | 1.0 | 1.1.2 | 2.0 | 2.1-2.2 | 3 | 4-6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10-15 | 16+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English (US) | English (US) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| English (Canada) | English (Canada) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Note 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| English (UK) | English (UK) | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| English (Ireland) | English (Ireland) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| English (Singapore) | English (Singapore) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| English (South Africa) | English (South Africa) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| English (Australia) | English (Australia) | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| English (New Zealand) | English (New Zealand) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| English (India) | English (India) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 简体中文 | Chinese, Simplified | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 繁體中文（台灣） | Chinese, Traditional (Taiwan) | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 繁體中文（香港） | Chinese, Traditional (Hong Kong) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 繁體中文（澳門） | Chinese, Traditional (Macau) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| 日本語 | Japanese | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Español (España) | Spanish (Spain) | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Latinoamérica) | Spanish (Latin America) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Note 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Español (México) | Spanish (Mexico) | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Argentina) | Spanish (Argentina) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Bolivia) | Spanish (Bolivia) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Chile) | Spanish (Chile) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Colombia) | Spanish (Colombia) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Costa Rica) | Spanish (Costa Rica) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Ecuador) | Spanish (Ecuador) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (El Salvador) | Spanish (El Salvador) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (EE. UU.) | Spanish (US) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Guatemala) | Spanish (Guatemala) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Honduras) | Spanish (Honduras) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Nicaragua) | Spanish (Nicaragua) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Panamá) | Spanish (Panama) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Paraguay) | Spanish (Paraguay) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Perú) | Spanish (Peru) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Puerto Rico) | Spanish (Puerto Rico) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (República Dominicana) | Spanish (Dominican Republic) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Uruguay) | Spanish (Uruguay) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Español (Venezuela) | Spanish (Venezuela) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Français (France) | French (France) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Français (Suisse) | French (Switzerland) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Note 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Français (Belgique) | French (Belgium) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Français (Canada) | French (Canada) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Deutsch (Deutschland) | German (Germany) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Deutsch (Österreich) | German (Austria) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Note 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Deutsch (Schweiz) | German (Switzerland) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Note 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Русский | Russian | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Português (Brasil) | Portuguese (Brazil) | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Português (Portugal) | Portuguese (Portugal) | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Italiano (Italia) | Italian (Italy) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Italiano (Svizzera) | Italian (Switzerland) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 한국어 | Korean | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Türkçe | Turkish | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Nederlands (Nederland) | Dutch (Netherlands) | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Nederlands (België) | Dutch (Belgium) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| العربية | Arabic | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| ภาษาไทย | Thai | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Svenska | Swedish | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Dansk | Danish | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tiếng Việt | Vietnamese | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Norsk bokmål | Norwegian Bokmål | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Polski | Polish | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Suomi | Finnish | No | Note 1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bahasa Indonesia | Indonesian | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| עברית | Hebrew | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ελληνικά | Greek | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Română | Romanian | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Magyar | Hungarian | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Čeština | Czech | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Català | Catalan | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Slovenčina | Slovak | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Українська | Ukrainian | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Hrvatski | Croatian | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bahasa Melayu | Malay | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| हिन्दी | Hindi | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Қазақ тілі | Kazakh | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Български | Bulgarian | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Notes
- The iPod Touch at its launch supported English, French, German, Japanese, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Russian, and Polish. However, most of these languages were not available in the iPhone until iPhone 2.0.
- As of iOS 8, users can add more than one locale to use on the device. If one language is not supported, the next one is used instead. The language on the top of the list is the primary one.
- While these regions are present in iOS 8, they fall back to the generic regions for the system language. This issue has been resolved in iOS 9 and later, when a default region is added.
- de-AT, de-CH: de
- en-CA, en-US: en
- es-ES: es
- es-419: es-MX
- fr-CH: fr
- iOS 9 and above improved the locale handling process, now applying a default region to those that have multiple regions. The region is not displayed in the locale name if the region is the same as the country/region setting, or if only one region is added for a language.
- German: German (Germany)
- English: English (US)
- Spanish: Spanish (Spain)
- French: French (France)
- Italian: Italian (Italy)
- Dutch: Dutch (Netherlands)
- Portuguese: Portuguese (Brazil)
- Chinese, Traditional: Chinese, Traditional (Taiwan)
- Dutch (Belgium) was previously shown as Flemish in iOS 9 before being fixed in iOS 10, to bring it more in line with other locales.
- iOS 10 and macOS Sierra were the last versions in which new locales were added for the languages supported by iOS and macOS. Two new languages, Bulgarian and Kazakh, were added in iOS 16 and macOS Ventura.
- English (US): United States, Canada
- English (UK): United Kingdom, Ireland, Singapore, South Africa
- English (Australia): Australia, New Zealand
- English (India): India
- Chinese, Simplified: China mainland
- Chinese, Traditional (Taiwan): Taiwan
- Chinese, Traditional (Hong Kong): Hong Kong, Macau
- Japanese: Japan
- Spanish (Spain): Spain
- Spanish (Latin America): Latin America, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, US, Venezuela
- French (France): France, Belgium, Switzerland
- French (Canada): Canada
- German: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
- Russian: Russia
- Portuguese (Brazil): Brazil
- Portuguese (Portugal): Portugal
- Italian: Italy, Switzerland
- Korean: South Korea
- Turkish: Turkey
- Dutch: Netherlands, Belgium
- Arabic: Saudi Arabia
- Thai: Thailand
- Swedish: Sweden
- Danish: Denmark
- Vietnamese: Vietnam
- Norwegian Bokmål: Norway
- Polish: Poland
- Finnish: Finland
- Indonesian: Indonesia
- Hebrew: Israel
- Greek: Greece
- Romanian: Romania
- Hungarian: Hungary
- Czech: Czech Republic
- Catalan: Spain
- Slovak: Slovakia
- Ukrainian: Ukraine
- Croatian: Croatia
- Malay: Malaysia
- Hindi: India
- It is possible to add custom locales in the iOS Simulator by editing the AppleLanguages portion of the .GlobalPreferences.plist file for each simulator.
Development
The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) allows for the development of mobile apps on iOS.
While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple’s then-CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser.[164] However, backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider,[164] with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a software development kit available for developers by February 2008.[165][166] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.[167][168]
The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers.[169] It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs.[169] The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes.[170] It also contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing.[170] New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS.[171][172] In order to test applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.[169]
Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C.[173] Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.[174][175]
Update history & schedule
|
|
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: iOS 16 and iPadOS 16 have now been released and should replace information on iOS 15 and iPadOS 15. iOS version history may be a helpful place to start. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2022) |
iPhone platform usage as measured by the App Store on May 31st, 2022[176]
iOS 13 and earlier (4.00%)
iPad platform usage as measured by the App Store on May 31st, 2022[176]
Apple provides major updates to the iOS operating system annually via iTunes and, since iOS 5, also over-the-air.[177] The device checks an XML-based PLIST file on mesu.apple.com for updates. Updates are delivered as unencrypted ZIP files. Updates are checked for regularly, and are downloaded and installed automatically if enabled. Otherwise, the user can install them manually or are prompted to allow automatic installation overnight if plugged in and connected to Wi-Fi.
iPod Touch users originally had to pay for system software updates due to accounting rules that designated it not a «subscription device» like the iPhone or Apple TV,[178][179] causing many iPod Touch owners not to update.[180] In September 2009, a change in accounting rules won tentative approval, affecting Apple’s earnings and stock price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be delivered free of charge.[181][182]
Apple significantly extended the cycle of updates for iOS-supported devices over the years. The iPhone (1st generation) and iPhone 3G only received two iOS updates, while later models had support for five, six, and seven years.[183][184]
XNU kernel
Main article: XNU
The iOS kernel is the XNU kernel of Darwin. The original iPhone OS (1.0) up to iPhone OS 3.1.3 used Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 was based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 was based on Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15. iOS 10 is based on Darwin 16. iOS 11 is based on Darwin 17. iOS 12 is based on Darwin 18. iOS 13 is based on Darwin 19. iOS 14 is based on Darwin 20. iOS 15 is based on Darwin 21. iOS 16 is based on Darwin 22.[185]
In iOS 6 the kernel is subject to ASLR, similar to that of OS X Mountain Lion. This makes exploit possibilities more complex since it is not possible to know the location of kernel code.
Apple has made the XNU kernel open source.[186] The source is under a 3-clause[187] BSD license for the original BSD parts, with parts added by Apple under the Apple Public Source License.[188] The versions contained in iOS are not available; only the versions used in macOS are available.
iOS does not have kernel extensions (kexts) in the file system, even if they are actually present. The kernel cache can be decompressed to show the correct kernel, along with the kexts (all packed in the __PRELINK_TEXT section) and their plists (in the __PRELINK_INFO section).
The kernel cache can also be directly decompressed (if decrypted) using third-party tools. With the advent of iOS 10 betas and default plain text kernelcaches, these tools can only be used after unpacking and applying lzssdec to unpack the kernel cache to its full size.
The kextstat provided by the Cydia alternative software does not work on iOS because the kextstat is based on kmod_get_info(...), which is a deprecated API in iOS 4 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard. There are other alternative software that can also dump raw XML data.
On developing devices, the kernel is always stored as a statically linked cache stored in /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache which is unpacked and executed at boot.
In the beginning, iOS had a kernel version usually higher than the corresponding version of macOS. Over time, the kernels of iOS and macOS have gotten closer. This is not surprising, considering that iOS introduced new features (such as the ASLR Kernel, the default freezer, and various security-strengthening features) that were first incorporated and subsequently arrived on macOS. It appears Apple is gradually merging the iOS and macOS kernels over time. The build date for each version varies slightly between processors. This is due to the fact that the builds are sequential.
| Kernel Builds[needs update] | ||
|---|---|---|
| iOS Version | Kernel Build | Notes |
| 1A420 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Mar 8 01:38:53 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.144.obj~1/DEVELOPMENT_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:55 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.178.obj~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Fri Jun 22 00:38:56 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.1.178.obj~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.0.2 | ||
| 1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Sep 6 23:26:45 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.203.obj~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | iPod Touch only |
| 1.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Sep 19 00:08:42 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.203~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | First kernel that was 8900 encrypted |
| 1.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.204~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Dec 12 00:16:00 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.211~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.1.4 | ||
| 1.1.5 | iPod Touch only | |
| 1.2 beta | ? | |
| 2.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Wed Mar 19 22:40:09 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.34~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 2.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 1 21:58:46 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.39~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 2.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 15 21:09:34 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.49~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 2.0 beta 5 | ? | |
| 2.0 beta 6 | ? | |
| 2.0 beta 7 | ? | |
| 2.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Sun Jun 15 21:37:01 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.76~45/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 2.0 | ||
| 2.0.1 | ||
| 2.0.2 | ||
| 2.1 beta | ? | |
| 2.1 beta 2 | ? | |
| 2.1 beta 3 | ? | |
| 2.1 beta 4 | ? | |
| 2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sun Aug 10 21:25:25 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.27~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 2.1.1 | ||
| 2.2 beta | ? | |
| 2.2 beta 2 | ? | |
| 2.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sat Nov 1 19:13:13 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.36~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 2.2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Mon Dec 8 21:02:57 PST 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.37~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 3.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Mon Mar 9 22:51:44 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.65~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 3.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Mar 25 21:56:57 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.71~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 3.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Apr 10 15:52:33 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.78~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 3.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 22 21:48:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.83~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 3.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 29 22:05:19 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.86~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 3.0 GM | ? | |
| 3.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed May 13 22:16:49 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.89~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.0.1 | ||
| 3.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jun 24 21:55:27 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.22~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 3.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 8 21:57:20 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.23~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 22 21:39:52 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.24~13/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Dec 18 01:34:28 PST 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | Last release for iPhone (1st generation) and iPod Touch (1st generation) |
| 3.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.27~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | iPad only |
| 3.2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.50~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 3.2.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.60~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Sat Apr 3 03:06:07 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.51.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 4.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 14 23:43:59 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.51~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 4.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 28 20:47:20 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.61~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 4.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue May 11 22:12:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.69~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 4.0 GM | ? | |
| 4.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed May 26 22:28:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.73~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.0.1 | ||
| 4.0.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 18:46:06 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Jul 5 20:15:12 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.27~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Jul 20 21:31:09 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Jul 28 01:26:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 22:35:51 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Sep 7 23:33:25 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.18~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Sep 23 20:56:24 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.21~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Tue Oct 5 21:42:47 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.25~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2.1 GM | ||
| 4.2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | Last release for iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation) |
| 4.2.5 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Dec 30 19:38:02 PST 2010; root:xnu-1504.62~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | iPhone 4 only. |
| 4.2.6 | ||
| 4.2.7 | ||
| 4.2.8 | ||
| 4.2.9 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Fri Jul 8 18:32:26 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1504.63~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2.10 | ||
| 4.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Jan 4 21:36:31 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.24~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 10 22:08:15 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Fri Jan 28 13:55:49 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.39.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3 GM | ? | |
| 4.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Feb 10 21:46:56 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3.1 | ||
| 4.3.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Mar 30 18:51:10 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3.3 | ||
| 4.3.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sat Jul 9 00:59:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.47~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3.5 | ||
| 5.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon May 30 20:28:35 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.2.52~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jun 19 18:59:56 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.3.20~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Jun 30 23:23:57 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.10~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jul 17 19:21:53 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.20~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Aug 2 22:31:30 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Aug 14 19:04:49 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.31~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Aug 25 20:47:50 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.38~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Sep 15 23:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.43~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0 | ||
| 5.0.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Oct 19 19:05:07 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.45~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Nov 1 20:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.46~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0.1 | ||
| 5.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Nov 13 19:10:13 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.61~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Dec 4 18:57:33 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.68~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 2 18:46:01 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.10.74~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Feb 1 23:18:07 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8945X | |
| 5.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Apr 8 21:51:26 PDT 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.10~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | Last release for iPad (1st generation) |
| 6.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed May 30 19:23:03 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.78~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jun 17 19:47:47 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.61~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 8 20:15:17 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.9~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 29 20:15:28 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.26~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Aug 19 00:27:34 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.33~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0 | ||
| 6.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Oct 10 23:32:19 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 6.0.2 | iPhone 5 only. | |
| 6.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Oct 21 19:28:43 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.51~17/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Nov 4 19:02:54 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Mon Nov 26 21:17:13 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~27/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 9 19:22:45 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 16 20:01:39 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 6.1 | ||
| 6.1.1 beta | ||
| 6.1.1 | iPhone 4s only | |
| 6.1.2 | ||
| 6.1.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Feb 13 21:35:42 PST 2013; root:xnu-2107.7.55.2.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 6.1.3 | ||
| 6.1.4 | iPhone 5 only. | |
| 6.1.5 | iPod Touch (4th generation) only. | |
| 6.1.6 | iPod Touch (4th generation) and iPhone 3GS only. | |
| 7.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed May 29 23:53:59 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.1.1.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jun 17 00:51:51 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.28~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 1 04:25:28 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.40~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 22 02:12:11 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.55~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Aug 4 22:40:14 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.70~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 beta 6 | ||
| 7.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 13 21:39:05 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.73~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 | ||
| 7.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Sep 9 20:56:02 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.74~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | iPhone 5c and 5s only |
| 7.0.2 | ||
| 7.0.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Sep 27 23:08:32 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.3.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 7.0.4 | ||
| 7.0.5 | iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s only. | |
| 7.0.6 | ||
| 7.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 11 04:18:01 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.33~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Dec 10 21:25:34 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.38.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jan 2 01:55:45 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.45~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 13 03:33:00 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.49.0.1~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 27 23:55:13 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.58~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Feb 21 19:41:10 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.67~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 | ||
| 7.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Mar 28 21:22:10 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.70~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu May 15 23:17:54 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.71~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | Last release for iPhone 4 |
| 8.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon May 26 22:09:06 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2729.0.0.0.9~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8942X | |
| 8.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Jun 14 16:36:40 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2775.0.0.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 2 18:51:34 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.21~19/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 16 21:55:26 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.40.0.3~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 30 23:04:17 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.62~20/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 19 15:09:47 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.0 | ||
| 8.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Sep 18 21:52:21 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~23/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0.2 | ||
| 8.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Sep 27 18:49:49 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.12~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 3 21:52:09 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 7 00:04:37 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Nov 2 20:21:29 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.21~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 3 22:54:30 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.22~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1.2 | ||
| 8.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 2 21:29:20 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.3.26~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.2 beta | ? | |
| 8.2 beta 2 | ? | |
| 8.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Dec 14 20:59:15 PST 2014; root:xnu-2783.5.29.0.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 8.2 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jan 6 21:02:10 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 8.2 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 26 22:16:17 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.37~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 8.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Feb 9 22:07:57 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.38~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.3 beta | ? | |
| 8.3 beta 2 | ? | |
| 8.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Mar 4 20:55:58 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.25~26/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Mar 19 00:16:36 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.31~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Mar 29 19:44:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.4 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 8 21:26:37 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.1~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000 | |
| 8.4 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 21 21:49:05 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.2~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue May 5 23:09:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.5~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Wed 3 23:19:49 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~13/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jun 24 00:50:15 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~30/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jul 9 21:54:11 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.4.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jul 28 16:34:51 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~15/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.4.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Aug 5 19:24:44 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 9.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri May 29 22:14:48 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3216.0.0.1.15~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Jun 15 21:51:54 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.6.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Jul 11 20:01:45 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.56~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001 | |
| 9.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Aug 3 19:58:41 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.88.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001 | |
| 9.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Thu Aug 6 22:27:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.1.2~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 9.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Thu Aug 20 13:11:13 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.1.3~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 9.0.1 | ||
| 9.0.2 | ||
| 9.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Aug 29 17:41:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.27~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 9.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Sep 14 01:24:55 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.38~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Sep 25 17:14:21 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.41~11/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.1 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Oct 2 14:07:07 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.42~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.1 beta 5 | ||
| 9.1 | ||
| 9.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sun Oct 18 23:34:30 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.20.33.0.1~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sun Oct 25 21:50:56 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.20.39~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 6 22:12:13 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.21.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.2 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 13 16:08:07 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.21.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.2 | ||
| 9.2.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Wed Dec 9 22:19:38 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.31.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.2.1 beta 2 | ||
| 9.2.1 | ||
| 9.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 5 21:24:25 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.155.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.3 beta 1.1 | ||
| 9.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 19 00:18:39 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.166.0.1~10/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Jan 31 22:48:58 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.173.0.1~13/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Feb 14 23:17:56 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.41.3~16/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Feb 22 01:48:23 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.41.4~36/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3 beta 6 | ||
| 9.3 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Fri Feb 19 13:54:52 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.41.4~28/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3 | ||
| 9.3.1 | ||
| 9.3.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Thu Mar 31 17:49:02 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.50.18~19/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Tue Apr 5 15:12:03 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.50.20~12/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Mon Apr 18 16:44:07 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.50.21~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3.2 beta 4 | ||
| 9.3.2 | ||
| 9.3.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Tue May 17 19:53:27 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.3~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.3.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Tue May 31 19:52:45 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.4~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 9.3.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Thu Jun 16 18:08:00 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 9.3.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Mon Jun 20 20:10:21 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.60.9~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 9.3.3 beta 5 | ||
| 9.3.3 | ||
| 9.3.4 | ||
| 9.3.5 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Fri Aug 19 10:37:56 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3248.61.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | Last release for iPad 2 (Wi-Fi) |
| 9.3.6 | Last release for iPad 2 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) | |
| 10.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed May 25 21:19:24 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3705.0.0.2.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Tue Jun 28 21:38:14 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3757~291/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Sat Jul 9 23:57:18 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3777.0.0.0.1~28/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed Jul 27 19:44:34 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.1.4.2.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Fri Aug 5 22:15:30 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.1.24~11/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed Aug 10 21:55:58 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.2.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0 beta 7 | ||
| 10.0 beta 8 | ||
| 10.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Wed Aug 10 22:33:10 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.2.2~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 10.0.1 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Sun Aug 28 20:36:54 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.2.4~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.0.1 | ||
| 10.0.2 | ||
| 10.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.1.0: Fri Sep 16 03:53:22 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.20.46~54/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.1.0: Thu Sep 29 21:56:12 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.22.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.1 beta 3 | ||
| 10.1 beta 4 | ||
| 10.1 | ||
| 10.1.1 | ||
| 10.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Sun Oct 23 20:18:32 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.76~6/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Tue Nov 1 22:23:11 PDT 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.86~54/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Mon Nov 7 22:58:42 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.92~36/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Mon Nov 7 19:32:10 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.30.92~29/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Tue Nov 29 21:40:09 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.32.1~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2 beta 6 | ||
| 10.2 beta 7 | ||
| 10.2 | ||
| 10.2.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Thu Dec 1 19:49:21 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Thu Dec 15 22:41:46 PST 2016; root:xnu-3789.42.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.2.1 beta 3 | ||
| 10.2.1 beta 4 | ||
| 10.2.1 | ||
| 10.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Mon Jan 16 21:43:53 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.50.189~28/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 10.3 beta 2 | Kernel Version 16.5.0: Tue Jan 31 21:09:24 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.50.195.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 10.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Fri Feb 10 22:11:20 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.50.208~47/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 10.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Thu Feb 23 23:48:09 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.52.2~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3 beta 5 | ||
| 10.3 beta 6 | ||
| 10.3 beta 7 | ||
| 10.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Thu Feb 23 23:22:54 PST 2017; root:xnu-3789.52.2~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.1 | ||
| 10.3.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Mar 20 22:28:31 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.12~10/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Tue Apr 4 21:19:08 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.15~13/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Tue Apr 11 22:03:42 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.20~11/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.2 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Apr 17 20:33:39 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.24~25/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.2 beta 5 | ||
| 10.3.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Apr 17 17:33:34 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.60.24~24/RELEASE_ARM_S8000 | |
| 10.3.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Mon May 8 21:45:24 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.9~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000 | |
| 10.3.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Wed May 24 22:28:55 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.11~6/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 10.3.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Tue Jun 6 21:56:23 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.15~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 10.3.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 22:48:15 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~6/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.3 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 22:48:16 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 10.3.3 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 18:33:36 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 10.3.3 | ||
| 10.3.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Wed Jul 26 11:08:56 PDT 2017; root:xnu-3789.70.16~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | Last release for all 32-bit iDevices (iPad (4th generation), iPhone 5, etc.) |
| 11.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Sat May 27 21:47:07 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4397.0.0.2.4~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 11.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Tue Jun 13 21:19:50 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4481.0.0.2.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 11.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Thu Jun 29 22:31:39 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4532.0.0.0.1~30/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000 | |
| 11.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Thu Jul 20 19:49:59 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4556.0.0.2.5~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 11.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Tue Aug 1 21:11:37 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.1.24.2.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 11.0 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Wed Aug 9 22:41:48 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.2.3~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 11.0 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Fri Aug 18 20:14:27 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.2.5~84/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 11.0 beta 8 | ||
| 11.0 beta 9 | ||
| 11.0 beta 10 | ||
| 11.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Fri Sep 1 14:59:17 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.2.5~167/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 11.0 | ||
| 11.0.1 | ||
| 11.0.2 | ||
| 11.0.3 | ||
| 11.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Sun Sep 17 22:21:07 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.20.55~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Sat Sep 30 23:14:15 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.20.62~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.1 beta 3 | ||
| 11.1 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Fri Sep 29 18:14:51 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.20.62~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.1 beta 5 | ||
| 11.1 | ||
| 11.1.1 | ||
| 11.1.2 | ||
| 11.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Wed Oct 25 19:27:20 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.30.79~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Sun Oct 29 17:18:38 PDT 2017; root:xnu-4570.30.85~18/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Mon Nov 6 22:29:20 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.32.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2 beta 4 | ||
| 11.2 beta 5 | ||
| 11.2 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Mon Nov 6 21:19:16 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.32.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2 | ||
| 11.2.1 | ||
| 11.2.2 | ||
| 11.2.5 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Sat Dec 2 21:26:33 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.40.6~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2.5 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Wed Dec 13 22:51:57 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.40.9~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2.5 beta 3 | ||
| 11.2.5 beta 4 | ||
| 11.2.5 beta 5 | ||
| 11.2.5 beta 6 | ||
| 11.2.5 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Fri Dec 8 19:35:51 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.40.9~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.2.5 | ||
| 11.2.6 | ||
| 11.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Jan 13 00:03:04 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.243~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Fri Jan 26 22:56:33 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.257~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Feb 10 17:01:35 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.279~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Feb 24 20:24:10 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.50.294~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.3 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Tue Mar 6 20:47:58 PST 2018; root:xnu-4570.52.2~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.3 beta 6 | ||
| 11.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Tue Mar 13 21:32:11 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.52.2~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 11.3.1 | ||
| 11.4 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sun Mar 25 20:49:19 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.10.0.1~16/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Thu Apr 5 22:33:56 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.16~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Sun Apr 22 03:29:53 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.19~25/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Tue May 1 16:16:12 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.21~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4 beta 5 | ||
| 11.4 beta 6 | ||
| 11.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Mon Apr 30 18:48:32 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.60.21~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Mon May 21 19:02:13 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.14~16/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Sun Jun 3 20:38:12 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.19~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Tue Jun 12 20:37:30 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.24~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 11.4.1 beta 4 | ||
| 11.4.1 beta 5 | ||
| 11.4.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Mon Jun 11 19:06:27 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4570.70.24~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Fri May 25 21:25:37 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.199.12.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Jun 13 21:04:46 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.249.22.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Tue Jun 26 21:06:03 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.274.32.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Mon Jul 9 21:17:19 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.304.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Jul 25 22:51:45 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.327.52.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Aug 1 21:11:01 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.342.62.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Sun Aug 5 21:44:00 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.200.354~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 8 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Fri Aug 10 21:57:57 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.202.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 9 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Aug 15 21:51:15 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.202.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 beta 10 | ||
| 12.0 beta 11 | ||
| 12.0 beta 12 | ||
| 12.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Tue Aug 14 22:07:16 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.202.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.0 | ||
| 12.0.1 | ||
| 12.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Sep 10 22:05:56 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.220.42~21/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sun Sep 23 20:16:38 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.220.48~40/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Oct 3 02:49:20 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.1~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 9 18:52:50 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.4~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 16 22:15:34 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.5~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 16 21:02:33 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.222.5~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Thu Oct 25 21:36:46 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.230.15~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sat Nov 3 03:45:48 PDT 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Nov 12 21:07:36 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Nov 12 20:32:01 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.1.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sun Dec 2 20:53:08 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.240.8~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Mon Nov 12 20:32:01 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.232.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.1.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sun Dec 16 20:44:43 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.240.10~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.1.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Dec 19 22:27:19 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.242.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.1.3 beta 4 | ||
| 12.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Dec 19 20:28:53 PST 2018; root:xnu-4903.242.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.1.4 | ||
| 12.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Jan 13 21:01:59 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.305~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Wed Jan 30 19:26:26 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.319~58/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Feb 10 20:48:56 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.336.0.1~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.2 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Feb 24 21:50:15 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.250.349~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.2 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Tue Mar 5 21:34:09 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.252.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.2 beta 6 | ||
| 12.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Tue Mar 5 19:52:18 PST 2019; root:xnu-4903.252.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Mon Mar 18 23:03:29 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.260.65.100.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Mon Apr 1 21:12:58 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.260.74.100.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 18 19:45:13 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.260.85.0.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.3 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 23:57:27 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.3 beta 5 | ||
| 12.3 beta 6 | ||
| 12.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 22:14:10 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.3.1 (12F203) | ||
| 12.3.1 (12F8202) | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu May 9 15:45:33 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 12.3.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 22:14:08 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.262.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.4 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Tue May 7 23:38:12 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.19.100.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.4 beta 2 | ||
| 12.4 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Tue May 21 01:53:36 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.29~10/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.4 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Wed Jun 5 21:04:51 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.37~24/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.4 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Fri Jun 14 21:12:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.38~24/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.4 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Tue Jun 25 22:53:57 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.47~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.4 beta 7 | ||
| 12.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Fri Jun 21 22:24:16 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.270.47~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 12.4.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Mon Aug 19 22:24:08 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.272.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 12.4.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Mon Aug 19 22:24:08 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.272.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000 | |
| 12.4.3 | ||
| 12.4.4 | ||
| 12.4.5 | ||
| 12.4.6 | ||
| 12.4.7 | ||
| 12.4.8 | Last release for iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, iPad Air, iPad mini 2, and iPad mini 3 | |
| 13.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue May 21 03:52:25 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6041.0.0.112.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Jun 9 18:57:16 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6110.0.0.120.8~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Jun 27 20:08:29 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.13.132.4~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Jul 9 00:52:55 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.59.0.2~63/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Jul 21 19:17:20 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.98.0.2~30/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Jul 30 23:56:43 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.8~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Aug 9 23:13:23 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.11~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 beta 8 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Aug 15 21:21:27 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.12~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Mon Aug 12 20:19:35 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.103.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 13.0 | ||
| 13.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Aug 18 23:18:25 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.0.166~14/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 13.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Aug 29 23:02:07 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.2~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.1 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Sep 6 09:12:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.3~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 13.1 beta 4 | ||
| 13.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Sep 3 21:52:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 13.1.1 | ||
| 13.1.2 | ||
| 13.1.3 | ||
| 13.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Sep 22 21:45:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.40.121.0.1~23/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 | |
| 13.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Oct 3 23:49:24 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.40.150.100.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 13.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Oct 11 02:14:05 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.42.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.2 beta 4 | ||
| 13.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Wed Oct 9 22:42:11 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 13.2.2 | ||
| 13.2.3 | ||
| 13.3 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Thu Oct 31 02:33:36 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.58.0.1~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.3 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Wed Nov 6 02:29:57 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~54/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 13.3 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Tue Nov 12 22:06:16 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~63/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 13.3 beta 4 | ||
| 13.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Mon Nov 4 17:44:49 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~39/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.3.1 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Sun Dec 8 21:03:13 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.80.8.0.1~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.3.1 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 22:14:53 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.82.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.3.1 beta 3 | ||
| 13.3.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 21:10:55 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.82.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Jan 29 20:44:26 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.100.178.100.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Tue Feb 11 21:22:30 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.100.196~52/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Thu Feb 20 00:09:27 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Feb 26 00:59:07 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Feb 26 00:59:07 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Mon Feb 24 22:04:12 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4 | ||
| 13.4.1 | ||
| 13.4.5 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Mar 24 15:35:36 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.15~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.4.5 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 5 22:05:12 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.27~19/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027 | |
| 13.5 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 19 23:40:03 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.31~15/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.5 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Wed Apr 29 21:33:50 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027 | |
| 13.5 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Apr 28 22:25:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.5 | ||
| 13.5.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue May 26 20:56:04 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 13.5.5 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun May 17 23:49:11 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.140.21~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.6 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Tue Jun 2 23:09:45 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.140.27.0.1~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.6 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun Jun 21 23:18:41 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 13.6 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jun 27 04:36:25 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 13.6 | ||
| 13.6.1 | ||
| 13.7 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jul 11 00:58:54 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 14.0 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Thu Jun 11 21:44:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7090.0.0.112.4~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 14.0 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Tue Jun 30 22:45:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7147.0.0.122.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.0 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Jul 13 22:51:19 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7168.0.0.132.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 | |
| 14.0 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Jul 27 02:44:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.8.0.1~21/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.0 beta 5 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 12 22:56:55 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.33~64/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 | |
| 14.0 beta 6 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Aug 17 09:09:19 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.41~15/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 14.0 beta 7 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 26 23:29:06 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.0 beta 8 | ||
| 14.0 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Fri Aug 28 23:05:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 | |
| 14.0 | ||
| 14.0.1 | ||
| 14.1 GM | Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Sep 30 03:24:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~41/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101 | |
| 14.1 | ||
| 14.2 beta | Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Fri Sep 11 19:19:05 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.84.172.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.2 beta 2 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Mon Sep 21 00:08:44 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.113.0.2~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.2 beta 3 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Wed Oct 7 00:36:56 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.141~32/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.2 beta 4 | Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Tue Oct 13 09:52:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.143~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 | |
| 14.2 RC | Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Thu Oct 22 12:48:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101 |
Kernel Image
The kernel image base is randomized by the boot loader (iBoot). This is done by creating random data, doing a SHA-1 hash of it and then using a byte from the SHA-1 hash for the kernel slide. The slide is calculated with this formula:
base=0x01000000+(slide_byte*0x00200000)
If the slide is 0, the static offset of 0x21000000 is used instead.
The adjusted base is passed to the kernel in the boot arguments structure at offset 0x04, which is equivalent to gBootArgs->virtBase.
Kernel Map
The kernel map is used for kernel allocations of all types (kalloc(), kernel_memory_allocate(), etc.) and spans all of kernel space (0x80000000—0xFFFEFFFF). The kernel based maps are submaps of the kernel_map, for example zone_map, ipc_kernel_map, etc.
The strategy is to randomize the base of the kernel_map. A random 9-bit value is generated right after kmem_init() which establishes kernel_map, is multiplied by the page size. The resulting value is used as the size for the initial kernel_map allocation. Future kernel_map (and submap) allocations are pushed forward by a random amount. The allocation is silently removed after the first garbage collection and reused. This behaviour can be overridden with the «kmapoff» boot parameter.
Attacks
Kext_request() allows applications to request information about kernel modules, divided into active and passive operations. Active operations (load, unload, start, stop, etc.) require root access. iOS removes the ability to load kernel extensions. Passive operations were originally (before iOS 6) unrestricted and allowed unprivileged users to query kernel module base addresses. iOS6 inadvertently removed some limitations; only the load address requests are disallowed. So attackers can use kKextRequestPredicateGetLoaded to get load addresses and mach-o header dumps. The load address and mach-o segment headers are obscured to hide the ASLR slide, but mach-o section headers are not. This reveals the virtual addresses of loaded kernel sections.
This information leak has been closed with iOS 6.0.1.
Versions codenames
Internally, iOS identifies each version by a codename, often used internally only, normally to maintain secrecy of the project. For example, the codename for iOS 14 is Azul.
Jailbreaking
Since its initial release, iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered around adding functionality not allowed by Apple.[189] Prior to the 2008 debut of Apple’s native iOS App Store, the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple’s purchase mechanism for installing the App Store’s native applications.[190] Apple claimed that it would not release iOS software updates designed specifically to break these tools (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking); however, with each subsequent iOS update, previously un-patched jailbreak exploits are usually patched.[191]
When a device is booting, it loads Apple’s own kernel initially, so a jailbroken device must be exploited and have the kernel patched each time it is booted up.
There are different types of jailbreak. An untethered jailbreak uses exploits that are powerful enough to allow the user to turn their device off and back on at will, with the device starting up completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a computer – in other words, it will be jailbroken even after each reboot.
However, some jailbreaks are tethered. A tethered jailbreak is only able to temporarily jailbreak the device during a single boot. If the user turns the device off and then boots it back up without the help of a jailbreak tool, the device will no longer be running a patched kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started state, such as Recovery Mode. In order for the device to start completely and with a patched kernel, it must be «re-jailbroken» with a computer (using the «boot tethered» feature of a tool) each time it is turned on. All changes to the files on the device (such as installed package files or edited system files) will persist between reboots, including changes that can only function if the device is jailbroken (such as installed package files).
In more recent years, two other solutions have been created – semi-tethered and semi-untethered.
A semi-tethered solution is one where the device is able to start up on its own, but it will no longer have a patched kernel, and therefore will not be able to run modified code. It will, however, still be usable for normal functions, just like stock iOS. To start with a patched kernel, the user must start the device with the help of the jailbreak tool.
A semi-untethered jailbreak gives the ability to start the device on its own. On first boot, the device will not be running a patched kernel. However, rather than having to run a tool from a computer to apply the kernel patches, the user is able to re-jailbreak their device with the help of an app (usually sideloaded using Cydia Impactor) running on their device. In the case of the iOS 9.2-9.3.3 and 64-bit 10.x jailbreaks, Safari-based exploits were available, thereby meaning websites could be used to rejailbreak.
In more detail: Each iOS device has a bootchain that tries to make sure only trusted/signed code is loaded. A device with a tethered jailbreak is able to boot up with the help of a jailbreaking tool because the tool executes exploits via USB that bypass parts of that «chain of trust», bootstrapping to a pwned (no signature check) iBSS, iBEC, or iBoot to finish the boot process.
Since the arrival of Apple’s native iOS App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the general motives for jailbreaking have changed.[192] People jailbreak for many different reasons, including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes, and modifying SpringBoard. An additional motivation is that it may enable the installation of pirated apps. On some devices, jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of iOS. Depending on the method used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent or temporary.[193]
In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The exemption allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the sole purpose of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the iPhone.[194] The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone owner, for example, jailbreaking voiding the iPhone warranty; however, it is solely based on Apple’s discretion on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the event that they need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA’s anticircumvention prohibitions.[195] Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any wireless carrier using the same GSM or CDMA technology for which the particular phone model was designed to operate.[196]
Unlocking
Initially most wireless carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with other carriers. However AT&T allowed iPhone owners who had satisfied contract requirements to unlock their iPhone.[197] Instructions to unlock the device are available from Apple,[198] but it is ultimately at the sole discretion of the carrier to authorize unlocking the device.[199] This allows the use of a carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. Modern versions of iOS and the iPhone fully support LTE across multiple carriers wherever the phone was purchased.[200] Programs to remove SIM lock restrictions are available, but are not supported by Apple, and most often not a permanent unlock – a soft unlock,[201] which modifies the iPhone so that the baseband will accept the SIM card of any GSM carrier. SIM unlocking is not jailbreaking, but a jailbreak is also required for these unofficial software unlocks.
The legality of software unlocking varies in each country; for example, in the US, there is a DMCA exemption for unofficial software unlocking of devices purchased before January 26, 2013.[202]
Digital rights management
The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad’s introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their «Defective by Design» campaign.[203][204][205][206] Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple’s control over its platform.[207]
At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely digital rights management (DRM) intended to lock purchased media to Apple’s platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple’s general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.
Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple’s approach to computing, particularly Apple’s shift away from machines that hobbyists can «tinker with» and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation.[208][209]
Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested against Apple’s control over its hardware as a «horrible precedent» but praised iOS’s sandboxing of apps.[210]
Security and privacy
iOS utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. Below are summaries of the most prominent features.
Secure Boot
Before fully booting into iOS, there is low-level code that runs from the Boot ROM. Its task is to verify that the Low-Level Bootloader is signed by the Apple Root CA public key before running it. This process is to ensure that no malicious or otherwise unauthorized software can be run on an iOS device. After the Low-Level Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the higher level bootloader, known as iBoot. If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of the operating system.[211]
Secure Enclave
The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor found in iOS devices part of the A7 and newer chips used for data protection, Touch ID and Face ID. The purpose of the Secure Enclave is to handle keys and other info such as biometrics that is sensitive enough to not be handled by the Application Processor (AP). It is isolated with a hardware filter so the AP cannot access it. It shares RAM with the AP, but its portion of the RAM (known as TZ0) is encrypted. The secure enclave itself is a flashable 4 MB AKF processor core called the secure enclave processor (SEP) as documented in Apple Patent Application 20130308838. The technology used is similar to ARM’s TrustZone/SecurCore but contains proprietary code for Apple KF cores in general and SEP specifically. It is also responsible for generating the UID key on A9 or newer chips that protects user data at rest.[citation needed]
It has its own secure boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware random number generator is also included as a part of this coprocessor. Each device’s Secure Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it when it is made and cannot be changed. This identifier is used to create a temporary key that encrypts the memory in this portion of the system. The Secure Enclave also contains an anti-replay counter to prevent brute force attacks.[211]
The SEP is located in the devicetree under IODeviceTree:/arm-io/sep and managed by the AppleSEPManager driver.[212]
In 2020, security flaws in the SEP were discovered, causing concerns about Apple devices such as iPhones.[213]
Face ID
Face ID is a face scanner that is embedded in the notch on iPhone models X, XS, XS Max, XR, 11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max, 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, 12 Pro Max, 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, 13 Pro Max, 14, and the 14 Plus. On the iPhone 14 Pro and the 14 Pro Max, it is embedded in the Dynamic Island.[214] It can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Face ID only temporarily stores the face data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. There is no way for the device’s main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw data that is obtained from the Face ID sensor.[211]
Passcode
iOS devices can have a passcode that is used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt the device’s contents. Until recently, these were typically four numerical digits long. However, since unlocking the devices with a fingerprint by using Touch ID has become more widespread, six-digit passcodes are now the default on iOS with the option to switch back to four or use an alphanumeric passcode.[211]
Touch ID
Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Touch ID only temporarily stores the fingerprint data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. Like Face ID, there is no way for the device’s main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw fingerprint data that is obtained from the Touch ID sensor.[211]
Address Space Layout Randomization
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique of preventing memory corruption attacks such as buffer overflows. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it more difficult to predict ways to corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious.[215]
Non-executable memory
iOS utilizes the ARM architecture’s Execute Never (XN) feature. This allows some portions of the memory to be marked as non-executable, working alongside ASLR to prevent buffer overflow attacks including return-to-libc attacks.[211]
Encryption
As mentioned above, one use of encryption in iOS is in the memory of the Secure Enclave. When a passcode is utilized on an iOS device, the contents of the device are encrypted. This is done by using a hardware AES 256 implementation that is very efficient because it is placed directly between the flash storage and RAM.[211]
iOS, in combination with its specific hardware, uses crypto-shredding when erasing all content and settings by obliterating all the keys in ‘effaceable storage’. This renders all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible.[216]
Keychain
The iOS keychain is a database of login information that can be shared across apps written by the same person or organization.[211] This service is often used for storing passwords for web applications.[217]
App security
Third-party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be code signed with an Apple-issued certificate. In principle, this continues the chain of trust all the way from the Secure Boot process as mentioned above to the actions of the applications installed on the device by users. Applications are also sandboxed, meaning that they can only modify the data within their individual home directory unless explicitly given permission to do otherwise. For example, they cannot access data owned by other user-installed applications on the device. There is a very extensive set of privacy controls contained within iOS with options to control apps’ ability to access a wide variety of permissions such as the camera, contacts, background app refresh, cellular data, and access to other data and services. Most of the code in iOS, including third-party applications, runs as the «mobile» user which does not have root privileges. This ensures that system files and other iOS system resources remain hidden and inaccessible to user-installed applications.[211]
App Store bypasses
Companies can apply to Apple for enterprise developer certificates. These can be used to sign apps such that iOS will install them directly (sometimes called «sideloading»), without the app needing to be distributed via the App Store.[218] The terms under which they are granted make clear that they are only to be used for companies who wish to distribute apps directly to their employees.[218]
Circa January–February 2019, it emerged that a number of software developers were misusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute software directly to non-employees, thereby bypassing the App Store. Facebook was found to be abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an application to underage users that would give Facebook access to all private data on their devices.[219][220][221] Google was abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an app to adults to collect data from their devices, including unencrypted data belonging to third parties.[222][218] TutuApp, Panda Helper, AppValley, and TweakBox have all been abusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute apps that offer pirated software.[223]
Network security
iOS supports TLS with both low- and high-level APIs for developers. By default, the App Transport Security framework requires that servers use at least TLS 1.2. However, developers are free to override this framework and utilize their own methods of communicating over networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS uses a randomized MAC address so that devices cannot be tracked by anyone sniffing wireless traffic.[211]
Two-factor authentication
Two-factor authentication is an option in iOS to ensure that even if an unauthorized person knows an Apple ID and password combination, they cannot gain access to the account. It works by requiring not only the Apple ID and password, but also a verification code that is sent to an iDevice or mobile phone number that is already known to be trusted.[211] If an unauthorized user attempts to sign in using another user’s Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID receives a notification that allows them to deny access to the unrecognized device.[224]
Hardened memory allocation
iOS features a hardened memory allocator known as kalloc_type that was introduced in iOS 15. Since the XNU kernel is primarily written in memory unsafe languages such as C and C++,[225] kalloc_type is designed to mitigate the large amount of vulnerabilities that result from the use of these languages in the kernel. In order to achieve this, kalloc_type implements mitigations such as type isolation in order to prevent type confusion and buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Ultimately, the prevention of privilege escalation is intended.[226]
Reception
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This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022) |
iOS is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world, after Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are also behind Android, while, by web use (a proxy for all use), iPads (using iOS) are still the most popular.[227]
By the middle of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.[228] At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million devices had been sold by June 2014.[229]
During Apple’s quarterly earnings call in January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion iOS devices since 2007.[230][231]
By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of the market share for smartphones and tablets.[232] By the end of 2014, iOS accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone market[233] and 27.6% of the tablet and two-in-one market.[234] In February 2015, StatCounter reported iOS was used on 23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage instead of sales.[235]
In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS adoption of the worldwide smartphone market was at a record low 12.1%, attributed to lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5% of the market, with Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the rest.[236][237]
Devices
Timeline of iOS devices: iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and Apple TV (2G) models
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Sources: Apple Inc. Newsroom Archive,[238] Mactracker Apple Inc. model database[239] See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products, iOS version history, and iPod § Timeline of iPod models |
See also
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External links
- Official website
- Official website Dev Center at Apple Developer Connection
- iOS Reference Library – on the Apple Developer Connection website
iOS — операционная система мобильных устройств компании Apple. Это передовая и сверхфункциональная система, которая предназначена для упрощенного и комфортного пользования гаджетами. За приятный дизайн и большие возможности многие выбирают продукцию Apple. В чем особенности iOS и чем она отличается от Android?
Что такое операционная система iOS
На сегодняшний момент пользователям iPhone и iPad доступна 15 версия iOS. В ближайшем будущем готовится к выходу 16 версия, которая будет иметь новые функции и обновленные имеющиеся возможности предыдущей версии. Свой путь iOS начала в 2007 году.
Что такое iOS? iOS — это мобильная операционная система для смартфонов, электронных планшетов, проигрывателей, которую разрабатывает и выпускает американская компания Apple. Как пишет автор портала Investopedia Уилл Кентон, iOS разработана для удобного и простого сетевого взаимодействия между рядом продуктов Apple.
Это проприетарная операционная система, которую используют на мобильных устройствах, таких как iPhone и iPad. iOS — вторая по популярности операционная платформа для мобильных устройств в мире после Android. Она имеет интуитивно понятный дизайн, ориентированный на пользователя, дает разработчикам возможность создавать приложения, которые распространяет через магазин приложений iOS.
ОС от Apple — это производная от Mac OS X. Она — Unix-подобной система. В iOS есть четыре уровня взаимодействия с пользователем:
- Базовый уровень ОС предоставляет низкоуровневые функции, платформы для обеспечения безопасности и взаимодействия с внешним оборудованием.
- Уровень основных служб предоставляет службы, необходимые для верхних уровней.
- Медиа-уровень предоставляет необходимые технологии для графики, аудио и видео.
- Coca Touch Layer. Здесь находятся фреймворки, которые часто используют при создании приложения.
iOS поставляют с множеством приложений по умолчанию, включая почтовый клиент, веб-браузер Safari, контактную книгу, iCloud и многое другое.
Разработчики могут использовать комплект разработки программного обеспечения iOS (SDK) для создания приложений для мобильных устройств Apple. SDK включает инструменты и интерфейсы для разработки, установки, запуска и тестирования приложений. Нативные приложения могут быть написаны с использованием системных фреймворков iOS и языка программирования Objective-C.
В iOS SDK включены инструменты Xcode, которые включают интегрированную среду разработки для управления проектами приложений, графический инструмент для создания пользовательского интерфейса и инструмент отладки для анализа производительности во время выполнения. Сюда входит симулятор iOS (позволяет разработчикам тестировать приложения на Mac) и библиотека разработчика iOS, (предоставляет всю необходимую документацию и справочные материалы).
Отличия iOS от Android
Чем отличаются операционная система iOS от Android? Операционные системы отличаются друг от друга по таким параметрам: магазин приложений, интерфейс и дизайн, навигация по системе, производительность и оптимизация, гибкость настроек, синхронизация с другими устройствами, обновления и поддержка. Рассмотрим детальнее все отличия.
Приложения
Отличительная черта iOS — App Store. У операционной системы Android есть GooglePlay. Это магазины приложений. Они визуально отличаются, но функции у них похожие. У обоих есть платные и бесплатные приложения. На iOS есть такие приложения, которых на Android нет.
Производительность и оптимизация
Главная особенность iOS — оптимизация. Операционная система не требует огромных объемов оперативной памяти, поскольку она поддерживает загрузку и готовность более дюжины приложений всего с 2 ГБ ОЗУ. Это непосредственно влияет на производительность устройства с меньшими аппаратными характеристиками, чем у Android.
Интерфейс, дизайн, настройки
Внешне Android и iOS отличаются. Здесь каждый выбирает то, что ему больше нравится. Главное отличие между мобильными ОС — настройка дизайна. Все iPhone или iPad имеют одинаковый модернизированный дизайн. Естественно, определенная степень настроек присутствует в iOS, но в Android в этом плане больше свободы. Из этого вытекает, что устройства с Android более разнообразны в плане визуального восприятия, но iOS-устройства имеют и без того приятный дизайн.
В этом плане iOS и Android — две противоположные крайности. Apple придерживается своей философии и обеспечивает чистое, однородное взаимодействие на всех устройствах, в то время как Android с открытым кодом предоставляет пользователям и программистам беспрецедентную степень свободы. Такая особенность предоставляет устройствам Apple лучшую защиту от вирусов и взломов.
К интерфейсу стоит отнести навигацию по системе. iOS отличается внешним видом, иконками, интерфейсом приложений и настроек. Это дает пользователю другой опыт использования устройством, поскольку ему придется преодолеть другой путь, чтобы найти ту или иную настройку, приложение, чем на Android.
Синхронизация
Покупая iOS-устройства, пользователь попадает в мир гаджетов, которые функционируют в однородной системе и прекрасно друг с другом синхронизируются. К таким гаджетам относится вся продукция компании Apple (MacBook, iPod, Apple Watch, iPad). Но с устройствами Windows и Android iOS не очень хорошо синхронизируется и могут возникать проблемы.
Обновления и поддержка
От обновлений зависит долговечность устройств. Каждое устройство iOS получает около 5 лет постоянных обновлений после первоначального выпуска. Что же касается Android, подобная ситуация касается флагманских устройств. Средне бюджетные модели получают обновления, но реже.
Если подытожить, то iOS предлагает превосходную производительность и стабильную работу, долгосрочные регулярные обновления, свой магазин с приложениями, которых нет на Android, стильный и приятный дизайн, функциональность. Гаджеты от Apple дорогие. В стоимость входит iOS с багажом полезных и интуитивно простых функций, и гарантия стабильной работы устройства долгие годы.
Оригинал статьи: https://www.nur.kz/technologies/software/1844504-ios-134-cto-novogo-data-vyhoda/
iOS — операционная система, разработанная компанией Apple для своих портативных устройств. Впервые она появилась на смартфонах iPhone и плеерах iPod в 2007 году, а с 2010 года стала устанавливаться на планшетах iPad. В 2014 году появилась поддержка автомобильных устройств Apple CarPlay. В отличие от других мобильных операционных систем (например Android), может устанавливаться только на фирменных продуктах Apple.
Расшифровка аббревиатуры iOS (читается как «айос») отсылает к наименованиям фирменных мобильных устройств Apple (iPhone, iPod и iPad) плюс сокращение OS (Operating System, операционная система). Так фирма подчеркнула эксклюзивный характер своего системного мобильного ПО. Кроме того, Стив Джобс на презентации первой модели смартфона в 2007 году сказал, что буква “i” — сокращение от Internet, а также слов individual, instruct, inform, inspire (то есть «личный, обучать, сообщать, вдохновлять»).
Создание этой операционной системы неотделимо от истории разработки главного мобильного устройства фирмы Apple — смартфона iPhone. Однако первый ее прототип появился еще раньше, когда Стив Джобс задумал создать планшетный ПК. Сначала он обратился к инженерам компании с просьбой разработать сенсорный дисплей с функцией мультитача. А когда ему представили первый прототип, попросил специалистов по пользовательским интерфейсам написать для него программную оболочку. Увидев результат, он решил, что это идеально подходит для телефона, и проект планшета был отложен до лучших времен, а все силы были брошены на разработку iPod Touch и будущего iPhone.
Первая версия iOS вышла одновременно с релизом iPhone первого поколения в 2007 году. Однако тогда она называлась еще iPhone OS, а привычное имя получила только три года спустя с выходом iPhone 4. Мобильная операционная система Apple была разработана на основе десктопной macOS (носившей тогда имя OS X), устанавливаемой на фирменных компьютерах и ноутбуках. По сути, она отличалась от своей «родительницы» только урезанным функционалом и переработанным интерфейсом; ядро же у них было практически идентичным.
Самая первая версия iPhone OS не поддерживала приложения от сторонних разработчиков (только предустановленные). Однако уже в 2008 году компания представила свой магазин приложений AppStore и проанонсировала комплект средств разработки iPhone SDK (релиз состоялся также в 2008 году). Магазин стал быстро пополняться: если в июле в нем было всего 500 приложений, то к сентябрю их число выросло до 3000, а всего через год достигло уже 1,5 млн.
На август 2022 года было 15 версий iOS, анонс будущей 16-й версии состоялся в июне 2022 года на конференции WWDC (релиз должен состояться 7 сентября вместе с презентацией iPhone 14). Краткая характеристика ключевых версий ОС:
iPhone OS (2007 год). Первая версия операционной системы айфона, предложившая пользователям визуальную (сенсорную) клавиатуру без стилуса с функцией мультитача, голосовую почту, интеграцию с iTunes. В ней было несколько предустановленных приложений: браузер Safari, камера, календарь, галерея, заметки, почта, телефон и медиапроигрыватель iPad (позже был разделен отдельно на музыку и видео).
iPhone OS 2 (2008 год). Ключевое отличие от предыдущей версии — добавлены фирменный магазин приложений App Store и возможность установки из него программ, разработанных сторонними производителями. Также разработчики получили комплект средств разработки iPhone SDK.
iPhone OS 3 (2009 год). Ключевые нововведения — возможность копировать и вставить текст, поддержка MMS в сообщениях, запись видео, фокусируемая камера, программный компас, родительский контроль. Был внедрен внутренний поиск по контактам, электронной почте, календарю, заметкам и iPod. Также разработчики предусмотрели голосовой набор команд и поиск.
iOS 4 (2010 год). Первая версия ОС Apple iOS под собственным именем, ключевой особенностью которой было внедрение многозадачности. Функционал системы стал еще шире: добавились приложение аудио- и видеозвонков FaceTime, возможность группировки приложений по папкам, беспроводной печати и трансляции медиафайлов на другие устройства. В обновлении 4.1 появились Game Center, загрузка видео на YouTube, съемка фото в качестве HDR.
iOS 5 (2011 год). Ключевые нововведения — Центр уведомлений, служба сообщений iMessage, прямая загрузка обновлений, облачное хранилище iCloud, через которое можно было выполнить резервное копирование и синхронизацию с другими устройствами. Также в iOS 5 впервые появился голосовой помощник Siri для диалогового взаимодействия с приложениями.
iOS 7 (2013 год). Ключевое отличие от предыдущих версий — полностью переработанный дизайн, который стал более «плоским», без бликов и градиентов, с более тонкими шрифтами. Из функциональных нововведений:
- Control Center для управления запущенными процессами и быстрого доступа к различным режимам работы устройства;
- усовершенствованный умный поиск в Safari;
- AirDrop, позволяющая обмениваться данными с пользователями iOS-устройств;
- обновленный функционал и дизайн интерфейса камеры;
- сканер отпечатка пальца Touch ID для разблокировки телефона, совершения покупок.
iOS 8 (2014 год). В этой версии были внедрены такие нововведения, как платежная система Apple Pay, служба подписки Apple Music, поддержка сторонних виджетов, интеграция с устройствами «умного дома» (iPhone может использоваться как пульт ДУ). Расширился функционал iCloud за счет добавления облачного файлового менеджера iClould Drive, библиотеки фотографий и музыки.
Последующие версии не отличались какими-то кардинальными нововведениями. Вместо этого разработчики сосредоточились на усовершенствовании уже имеющихся функций, повышении безопасности устройств, улучшении пользовательского опыта и т.д.
Как и другие мобильные операционные системы, платформа iOS — это программное обеспечение, отвечающее за работу основных (системных) функций смартфона или другого портативного устройства, а также за его взаимодействие с пользователем. В архитектуре этой ОС различают несколько слоев абстракции (от низшего к высшему):
- Core OS — ядро системы, отвечающее непосредственно за взаимодействие с аппаратными компонентами устройства, а также осуществляющее посредничество между ними и функциями, принадлежащими более высоким слоям абстракции;
- Core Services — набор системных служб, обеспечивающих базовый функционал устройства, например геопозиционирование, хранение данных, сетевые подключения и т.д.
- Media Layer обеспечивает работу устройства с различными видами медиаданных, такими как фото, видео, анимации и аудио;
- Cocoa Touch отвечает за непосредственное взаимодействие пользователя с телефоном и установленными на нем приложениями за счет сенсорного ввода, многозадачности и т.д.
Подобно другим мобильным ОС, система «Айос» позволяет пользователям использовать приложения, созданные сторонними разработчиками и размещенные в фирменном онлайн-магазине Apple App Store. У ближайшего конкурента вроде Android также есть аналогичное хранилище Google Play.
Однако операционка айфона является «полузакрытой» системой. То есть она позволяет пользователю устанавливать приложения от сторонних разработчиков, но имеет сложную систему их сертифицирования. Публикация и установка программ для iOS осуществляются исключительно через онлайн-магазин App Store. Разработка осуществляется в интегрированной среде Xcode, которая также создана корпорацией Apple.
Теоретически, на ОС айфона можно разработать и установить неподписанные приложения, но только после процедуры jailbreak (взлом системы, букв. — «побег из тюрьмы»), дающей доступ к файловой системе гаджета. Сама корпорация к этой возможности относится резко отрицательно и постоянно вводит все новые способы защиты своей мобильной ОС и устройств от нее. Многие современные модели гаджетов Apple или невозможно взломать, или их взлом ведет к не исправимым обычными способами поломкам системы.
На момент выхода первого релиза iOS была первой системой, в которой наиболее полно была реализована концепция прямого взаимодействия пользователя с устройством. Управление самой ОС и гаджетом осуществляется с помощью жестов — прикосновений, смахиваний (свайпов) и т.д., — не требующих использования стилуса. Более того, именно в ней впервые применили технологию мультитача, позволяющую совершать жесты не одним, а несколькими пальцами, что существенно расширило функционал. Подобные попытки были и ранее со стороны других производителей, но только в первой iPhone OS уровень реализации этой идеи стал достаточным, чтобы пользователям было комфортно.
Функционал мобильной системы заметно менялся в зависимости от версии, поэтому далее речь пойдет о возможностях последнего официально выпущенного релиза — iOS 15. Перечислить все их в одной статье невозможно, поэтому сфокусируемся на главных.
- Разнообразный пользовательский интерфейс. Помимо основного сенсорного ввода с мультитачем, пользователь может взаимодействовать с устройством через дополнительные встроенные модули — например, акселерометр и гироскоп, реагирующие на изменение положения в пространстве. Также реализовано управление голосовыми командами с помощью встроенного помощника Siri и надиктовка текстов неограниченной длины с поддержкой большого числа языков. Пользователи могут более свободного настраивать организацию рабочего стола, группировать виджеты и иконки приложений в стеки.
- Безопасность. В iOS 15 реализовано несколько уровней защиты от несанкционированного использования. Функция Face ID позволяет разблокировать телефон с помощью сканирования лица (в более ранних версиях использовался сканер отпечатков пальцев). Благодаря тому что телефон при выключении переходит в режим минимального потребления энергии, его местоположение можно будет отследить при потере или краже. Также реализована двухфакторная система аутентификации с генерированием кодов безопасности, отчеты о конфиденциальности приложений и т.д. Кроме того, пользователи айфонов с iOS 15 впервые получили возможность «передать» свою учетную запись в Apple ID и iCloud доверенному лицу в случае своей смерти.
- Режим фокусирования. Эта функция позволяет настроить iOS на своем телефоне под конкретные шаблоны использования. Например, в рабочее время отключить все развлекательные функции, отвлекающие от работы. А в нерабочее, напротив, избавить владельца от звонков коллег или начальства для более полноценного отдыха.
- Live Text. Это функция распознавания текста в изображении. Ее можно использовать в обе стороны — например, ввести текст и найти содержащую его картинку. Или, напротив, «извлечь» текстовую часть из картинки — в частности, просканировать визитку и тут же перейти на указанный на ней сайт.
- iCloud+. Облачное хранилище, внедренное впервые в iOS 5, в 15-й версии получило новые возможности. Например, новую защиту трафика, работающую по принципу VPN, но на системном уровне, или временное облачное хранилище для перезалива пользовательских данных из старого устройства в новое.
- Здоровье. С iOS 15 смартфон превращается в полноценный переносной медицинский центр. Система отслеживает показатели здоровья пользователя — например, уровень сахара в крови, походку и т.д. Более того, эти показатели фиксируются в динамике, то есть можно отследить, как меняется состояние человека с течением времени. Этой информацией можно делиться с друзьями и родственниками, врачами и сиделками. Добавлен новый блок пользовательской статистики по COVID-19, а именно данные о вакцинации, результаты тестов (эта функция пока работает лишь в некоторых странах).
- Интернет-подключения. iOS 15 стала ориентироваться больше на использование высокоскоростных мобильных сетей 5G. Пользователь имеет возможность настроить их приоритет над более медленным Wi-Fi. То есть, когда он окажется в зоне действия беспроводных сетей обоих типов, система автоматически выберет быструю 5G. Сохранилась поддержка более старых беспроводных интерфейсов: LTE, Bluetooth и т.д.
- Мультимедиа. В iOS реализованы все возможности для работы с мультимедийным контентом. Есть встроенные и скачиваемые приложения для съемки и обработки фото, монтажа видео, создания музыки и т.д. При этом функционал таких инструментов находится на таком высоком уровне, что ими пользуются профессиональные фотографы, дизайнеры, видеооператоры, музыканты, звукорежиссеры и специалисты из других областей.
Кроме того, в iOS 15 имеется множество других полезных функций. Например, пространственное аудио и переработанный Game Center превращают iPhone в полноценный центр развлечений. HomeKit дает максимальные возможности по дистанционному управлению системами «умного дома», в том числе просмотр и хранение записей с камер видеонаблюдения. Улучшено взаимодействие пользователей с iTunes и iCloud для быстрого и безопасного доступа к файлам, можно делиться медиаконтентом с другими пользователями через SharePlay в различных приложениях (Face Time, iMessage и т.д.).
В момент своего появления в 2007 году мобильная операционная система от Apple быстро завоевала поклонников благодаря многим нововведениям, которых не было у конкурентов. Часть этих преимуществ осталась до сих пор, например:
- Безопасность. iOS на данный момент считается одной из самых защищенных мобильных систем. Это стало возможным благодаря ее «полузакрытому» характеру — ее системные файлы скрыты от пользователей. К ним очень сложно добраться и, соответственно, взломать. Пользоваться гаджетами под управлением iOS можно только при наличии аккаунтов Apple ID и Cloud ID. Реализована многофакторная система аутентификации, защита конфиденциальных данных пользователей. Из-за таких ограничений хакеры за очень редким исключением просто не пишут вирусы для iOS.
- Оптимизация и быстродействие. Из-за того, что iOS «заточена» исключительно под устройства Apple, она отличается очень высокой скоростью работы по сравнению с другими мобильными операционными системами (в частности, с Android). Разработчики компании наладили эффективную обратную связь с пользователями и оперативно устраняют возможные баги с помощью выпускаемых обновлений. Система грамотно распоряжается ресурсами устройства, что положительно влияет на срок его автономной работы.
- Синхронизация с другими устройствами Apple. Разработчики iOS предусмотрели возможность обмениваться данными между различными фирменными гаджетами: смартфонами, телеприставками, компьютерами и т.д. Синхронизация устройств реализована просто и интуитивно понятно, процесс практически полностью автоматизирован.
- Отсутствие рекламы. Пользователи Android постоянно сталкиваются с навязчивой рекламой в приложениях, скачанных с Google Play. В iOS эта проблема сведена к минимуму за счет иных принципов взаимодействия между корпорацией Apple и сторонними разработчиками приложений. Большинство программ в фирменном магазине App Store платные, поэтому реклама в них отсутствует. Правда, есть и немало бесплатных приложений, но в них реклама не так навязчива, как в других операционных системах.
- Разнообразие контента. В фирменном магазине App Store можно купить или бесплатно скачать приложения, аудио, книги, игры и т.д. Присутствует много узкоспециализированного медиаконтента для различных специалистов: дизайнеров, фотографов, видеоредакторов, операторов, музыкантов и пр. Такое разнообразие позволяет настраивать мобильное устройство под различные нужды.
- Пользовательский интерфейс. Это ключевая особенность iOS с самой первой версии этой операционной системы. Можно уверенно сказать, что именно эта ОС сформировала те общие принципы, на которых сегодня строится взаимодействие пользователей с мобильными электронными устройствами. Красивый, яркий, интуитивно понятный дизайн интерфейса iOS стал образцом и для разработчиков других операционных систем — в частности, Android.
При всех достоинствах, мобильную ОС от Apple нельзя назвать идеальной, и многие ее недостатки являются «оборотной стороной» ее преимуществ:
- Закрытость системы. Пользователь не имеет доступа к системным папкам ОС, а значит, ограничен в своих возможностях настроить ее под свои предпочтения. С другой стороны, большинству пользователей хватает того уровня кастомизации, который предусмотрели разработчики Apple, а система работает более стабильно и быстро.
- Слабая многозадачность. Большинство приложений в фоновом режиме быстро прекращают работать. Частично эта проблема устранена в последних версиях операционной системы, но в некоторых моментах продолжает досаждать пользователям.
- Невозможность расширения памяти. Это больше недостаток самих мобильных гаджетов Apple, но относится и к тесно связанной с ними iOS. Компания выпускает устройства со строго ограниченным объемом встроенной памяти без возможности расширения за счет внешних накопителей. Такая функция просто отсутствует и в самой операционной системе. К счастью, подавляющему большинству пользователей встроенной памяти хватает, к тому же есть возможность сохранения данных в облачном хранилище.
- Платный контент. Большинство приложений и игр в App Store нужно покупать, при этом стоимость их довольно высока. Вместе с тем пользователи могут установить одно купленное приложение на несколько устройств. Также есть немало бесплатных приложений, которые, хоть и уступают платным по своим возможностям, все же покрывают потребности большинства пользователей.
- Сложная система сертификации. Это недостаток для сторонних разработчиков приложений. Компания Apple ревностно относится к защите своей интеллектуальной собственности, поэтому предъявляет очень высокие требования к сторонним продуктам. Из-за этого разработать и опубликовать свое приложение в App Store довольно проблематично.
- Проблемы с интеграцией. Устройства под управлением iOS легко и быстро взаимодействуют друг с другом и десктопами от Apple. Но при попытке подключить к гаджетам под Ос Windows или Android часто возникают сложности. Например, чтобы просто перекинуть музыку с обычного ноутбука на iPhone или iPod, нужно устанавливать приложение iTunes. В то время как у смартфонов Android можно просто скопировать папку с файлами как на обычную флешку.
Стоит отметить, что первые версии iOS по своему функционалу сильно уступали другим мобильным операционным системам, например Android и Windows Phone/Mobile. В то время ее главным преимуществом был именно пользовательский интерфейс, дающий совершенно иной опыт взаимодействия с устройством. Однако со временем функционал iOS сравнился с возможностями конкурентов.
Запуск и настройка iOS организованы так, что от пользователя потребуется минимум действий и времени. Почти все функции максимально автоматизированы. Для начала работы с iOS нужно:
- работающее Wi-Fi-подключение;
- аккаунт Apple ID и пароль (если их нет, система предложит создать в процессе настройки);
- реквизиты банковской карты для системы Apple Pay (для покупки контента).
Далее от вас потребуется несколько несложных действий:
- Нажать и удерживать боковую кнопку, пока на экране устройства не появится логотип Apple.
- Затем следовать инструкциям, появляющимся на экране, — если вы впервые пользуетесь устройством Apple.
- Если вы уже имеете другой iPhone, iPad или iPod touch, можно воспользоваться функцией «Быстрое начало». Расположите новое и старое устройство рядом друг с другом и следуйте указаниям на их экранах. Система автоматически перенесет данные с одного телефона на другой, а оставшуюся настройку произведет через облачное хранилище iCloud.
Как только система iOS будет настроена, вы получаете доступ ко всем функциям своего устройства, а также к магазину приложений. Мобильная система от Apple максимально дружелюбна к пользователю, ее интерфейс понятен и прост. Именно поэтому она до сих пор считается одной из эталонных и практически не имеет конкурентов на рынке, за исключением Android (которая работает во многом по тем же принципам).
И Mac OS X, и iOS произошли от более ранней операционной системы Apple, Darwin, основанной на BSD UNIX. iOS — это проприетарная мобильная операционная система, принадлежащая Apple, и ее разрешено устанавливать только на оборудование Apple. Текущая версия — iOS 7 — использует примерно 770 мегабайт памяти устройства.
IOS основана на Linux?
Нет, iOS не основана на Linux. Он основан на BSD. К счастью, Node. js работает в BSD, поэтому его можно скомпилировать для работы в iOS.
IOS основана на macOS?
iOS: на базе Mac OS X версии iOS работают на iPhone, iPod touch и iPad. IOS была разработана для портативных устройств и контролируется гораздо более жестко, чем другие версии Mac OS X. Несмотря на их общее происхождение, приложения (приложения), разработанные для iOS, несовместимы с Mac OS X, и наоборот.
Архитектура. Cisco IOS имеет монолитную архитектуру из-за ограниченных аппаратных ресурсов маршрутизаторов и коммутаторов в 1980-х годах. … Монолитное ядро Cisco IOS не реализует защиту памяти для данных различных процессов. Вся физическая память отображается в одно виртуальное адресное пространство.
Основана ли iOS на Debian?
Если вы делаете джейлбрейк в iOS, вы можете устанавливать пакеты, используя. … Я знаю, что iOS не основана на Debian или Linux, но основана на UNIX.
Что означает I в iOS?
«Стив Джобс сказал, что« я »означает« Интернет, индивидуальный, обучающий, информирующий [и] вдохновляющий », — поясняет Пол Бишофф, защитник конфиденциальности в Comparitech.
Какая версия Linux лучшая?
10 самых стабильных дистрибутивов Linux в 2021 году
- 2 | Debian. Подходит для: Начинающих. …
- 3 | Fedora. Подходит для: разработчиков программного обеспечения, студентов. …
- 4 | Linux Mint. Подходит для: профессионалов, разработчиков, студентов. …
- 5 | Манджаро. Подходит для: Начинающих. …
- 6 | openSUSE. Подходит для: начинающих и продвинутых пользователей. …
- 8 | Хвосты. Подходит для: безопасности и конфиденциальности. …
- 9 | Ubuntu. …
- 10 | Зорин О.С.
7 февраля. 2021 г.
Мой Mac слишком стар для обновления?
Apple заявила, что будет успешно работать на MacBook или iMac конца 2009 года или новее, или на MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, Mac mini или Mac Pro 2010 года выпуска или новее. … Это означает, что если ваш Mac старше 2012 года, он официально не сможет запускать Catalina или Mojave.
Какая новейшая операционная система Mac?
Какая версия macOS самая последняя?
| MacOS | Последняя версия |
|---|---|
| macOS Catalina | 10.15.7 |
| macOS Mojave | 10.14.6 |
| MacOS High Sierra | 10.13.6 |
| MacOS Sierra | 10.12.6 |
ОС Apple основана на Unix?
macOS — это операционная система, совместимая с UNIX 03, сертифицированная Open Group. Это с 2007 года, начиная с MAC OS X 10.5.
Что означает IOS XE?
Официальный веб-сайт. Cisco IOS XE. IOS XE — это набор широко распространенной операционной системы межсетевого взаимодействия (IOS) Cisco Systems, представленной в серии ASR 1000.
Что такое архитектура микроядра?
Микроядро — это минимум программного обеспечения, необходимого для правильной реализации операционной системы. Это включает в себя память, механизмы планирования процессов и базовую связь между процессами. … Единственное программное обеспечение, выполняющееся на привилегированном уровне, то есть в режиме ядра, — это микроядро.
В Windows используется микроядро?
1 ответ. Основная причина того, что Windows NT стала гибридным ядром, — это скорость. … Из-за снижения производительности микроядра Microsoft решила сохранить структуру микроядра, но запускать системные компоненты в пространстве ядра. Начиная с Windows Vista, некоторые драйверы также работают в пользовательском режиме.
Что такое ядро iOS?
XNUMX
| Ядро XNU | |
|---|---|
| Застройщик | Корпорация Apple |
| Исходная модель | С открытым исходным кодом |
| Начальная версия | Декабрь 1996 |
| вместилище | opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/ |
На каком языке написана iOS?
iOS / Языки программирования
На чем основан Macos?
Mac OS основана на кодовой базе BSD, а Linux — это независимая разработка unix-подобной системы. Это означает, что эти системы похожи, но не совместимы на двоичном уровне. Кроме того, в Mac OS есть множество приложений с открытым исходным кодом, которые построены на библиотеках, не являющихся открытыми.
| Год | Доход, $ | Прибыль, $ | Активы, $ | Капитализация, $ | Число сотрудников, чел |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 229 234 000 000 | 48 351 000 000 | 375 319 000 000 | 1 004 000 000 000 | 123 000 |
| 2018 | 265 595 000 000 | 59 530 000 000 | 365 725 000 000 | 960 000 000 000 | 132 000 |
| 2019 | 267 700 000 000 | 57 200 000 000 | 320 000 000 000 | 1 285 500 000 000 | 138 000 |
| 2020 | 274 515 000 000 | 57 411 000 000 | 323 888 000 000 | 2 100 000 000 000 | 147 000 |
| 2021 | 365 817 000 000 | 94 680 000 000 | 351 002 000 000 | 2 700 000 000 000 | 154 000 |
Apple Inc. — американская корпорация, основанная 1 апреля 1976, в Калифорнии Стивом Джобсом, Рональдом Уэйном и Стивом Возняком. Компания Apple Inc. разрабатывает, производит и продаёт персональные компьютеры, мобильные коммуникационные и медиа устройства, портативные цифровые музыкальные проигрыватели, а также сопутствующее программное обеспечение, услуги, периферийные устройства, сетевые решения и цифровой контент и приложения сторонних производителей по всему миру. Компания продает свою продукцию по всему миру через интернет-магазины, розничные магазины, службы прямых продаж, сторонних оптовиков и реселлеров с добавленной стоимостью. Штаб-квартира находится в Купертино, штат Калифорния.
Среди известных, для простого обывателя, программ Apple можно выделить такие, как macOS и iOS, медиаплеер iTunes, веб-браузер Safari и iVife и iWork, а также профессиональные приложения: Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro и Xcode. Его онлайн-сервисы включают iTunes Store, iOS App Store и Mac App Store, Apple Music и iCloud.
Apple — крупнейшая в мире компания в области информационных технологий по доходам и третий по величине производитель мобильных телефонов в мире после Samsung и Huawei. iTunes Store, который является крупнейшим в мире магазином музыки. По статистике, более 1,3 млрд. продуктов Apple активно используются во всем мире. Бренд Apple неоднократно считался самым ценным брендом в мире. Однако, компания получает значительную критику в отношении трудовых практик своих подрядчиков, его экологической и деловой практики, в том числе нечестной конкуренции, а также происхождения исходных материалов.
История.
Компания Apple Inc. родилась из мечты Стивена Возняка (Stephen G. Wozniak) о создании собственного компьютера – мечты, которая внезапно осуществилась в 1975 году с появлением первого коммерчески успешного микрокомпьютера Altair 8800, пришедшего в комплекте и использовавшего новейший микропроцессорный чип. Воодушевленный друзьями из компьютерного клуба Homebrew Computer Club, расположенного в районе залива Сан-Франциско. Возняк придумал концепцию своего собственного микрокомпьютера. В 1976 году, когда компания Hewlett-Packard, где Возняк был инженером-стажером, не проявила никакого интереса к его дизайну, Возняк, которому тогда было 26 лет, вместе со своим школьным приятелем Стивом Джобсом перенесли производство в семейный гараж Джобсов. Для оборотного капитала Джобс продал свой микроавтобус Volkswagen, а Возняк – программируемый калькулятор. Их первая модель была просто рабочей печатной платой, но по настоянию Джобса версия 1977 года была отдельной машиной в литом пластиковом корпусе, в отличие от стальных корпусов, которые использовались в других ранних моделях машин. Apple II также имел цветной дисплей и другие функции, которые сделали творение Возняка первым микрокомпьютером, понравившийся обычному человеку.
Несмотря на то, что он был наглым новичком в бизнесе, чей внешний вид напоминал хипстера, Джобс понимал, что для того, чтобы компания росла, ей потребуется профессиональное управление и значительное финансирование.
Он убедил Региса МакКенну, известного специалиста по связям с общественностью в полупроводниковой промышленности, представлять компанию; он также получил инвестиции от Майка Марккулы, богатого ветерана корпорации Intel, ставшего крупнейшим акционером Apple и влиятельным членом совета директоров Apple. Компания достигла мгновенного успеха, особенно после того, как Возняк изобрел контроллер диска, который позволил добавить недорогой дисковод гибких дисков, который сделал хранение и поиск информации быстрым и надежным. Имея возможность хранить и манипулировать данными, Apple II стал любимым компьютером для многих программистов-любителей.
В частности, в 1979 году Дэн Бриклин и Боб Франкстон представили первую электронную таблицу для персонального компьютера, VisiCalc, создав то, что позже будет известно как «приложение-убийца»: программное обеспечение, настолько полезное, что оно продвигало продажи оборудования. В то время как VisiCalc открыл рынок малого бизнеса и потребительский рынок для Apple II, другим важным начальным рынком стали начальные учебные заведения. Благодаря сочетанию агрессивных скидок и пожертвований (и отсутствию какой-либо конкуренции на ранних этапах) Apple завоевал доминирующее положение среди образовательных учреждений, что способствовало доминированию ее платформы в области программного обеспечения для начальной школы уже в 1990-х годах.
Прибыль и размер компании Apple росли историческими темпами: к 1980 году компания заработала более 100 миллионов долларов и насчитывала более 1000 сотрудников. Публичное размещение акций компании в декабре стало крупнейшим с 1956 года, когда компания Ford Motor Company вышла на биржу. Действительно, к концу 1980 года Apple оценивалась почти на 2 миллиарда долларов больше, чем Ford. Однако вскоре Apple столкнулся с конкуренцией со стороны ведущего игрока компьютерной индустрии, корпорации International Business Machines. IBM ждал роста рынка персональных компьютеров, прежде чем представить свою собственную линейку персональных компьютеров, IBM PC, в 1981 году. IBM порвал со своей традицией использования только собственных аппаратных компонентов и программного обеспечения и построил машину из легкодоступных компонентов, включая микропроцессор Intel, и использовал DOS (дисковую операционную систему) от корпорации Microsoft. Поскольку другие производители могли использовать те же аппаратные компоненты, что и IBM, а также лицензию DOS от Microsoft, разработчики нового программного обеспечения могли рассчитывать на широкий рынок ПК-совместимых IBM программ. Вскоре в новой системе появилось собственное приложение-убийца: электронная таблица Lotus 1-2-3, которая мгновенно завоевала популярность в деловом сообществе – рынок, на который Apple II не смог проникнуть.
У Apple был свой план по возвращению лидерства: новое поколение компьютеров, которые были бы значительно проще в использовании. В 1979 году Джобс возглавил команду инженеров, чтобы увидеть инновации, созданные в Исследовательском центре корпорации Xerox в Пало-Альто, Калифорния. Там им был показан первый функциональный графический интерфейс пользователя (GUI) с экранными окнами, указательным устройством, известным как мышь, и использованием иконок или картинок для замены неудобных протоколов, которые требовались всем остальным компьютерам. Компания Apple немедленно внедрила эти идеи в два новых компьютера: Lisa, выпущенный в 1983 году, и более дешевый Macintosh, выпущенный в 1984 году. Последний проект взял на себя сам Джобс, настаивая на том, что компьютер должен быть не просто великолепным, а «безумно великолепным». Результатом стало откровение, прекрасно сочетающееся с нетрадиционной, научно-фантастической телевизионной рекламой, в которой Макинтош был представлен во время трансляции Суперкубка 1984 года – компьютер за 2500 долларов, не похожего ни на один предшествовавших ему.
Несмотря на восторженные отклики СМИ, продажи Macintosh изначально оказались ниже ожиданий Apple. Критики отметили, что Mac, как выяснилось, не обладал достаточным количеством ОЗУ и памяти, а также стандартными удобствами, такими как клавиши управления курсором и цветной дисплей. Многие скептики также сомневались, что взрослые когда-нибудь захотят использовать машину, которая полагалась бы на графический интерфейс, считая, что она «игрушечная» и тратит впустую вычислительные ресурсы. В сентябре 1985 года из-за плохих показателей продаж, Джон Скалли, главный исполнительный директор, вытеснил из компании Джобса, который в сентябре 1985 года был вынужден покинуть компанию. Возняк покинул компанию Apple в феврале 1985 года и стал учителем. При Скалли компания Apple неуклонно совершенствовала машину. Однако в те ранние годы Mac спасло то, что в 1985 году Apple выпустила недорогой лазерный принтер вместе с приложением PageMaker от Aldus Corporation, первым приложением Mac, которое стало убийцей. Вместе эти две инновации положили начало революции в сфере настольных издательских систем. Внезапно малые предприятия и типографии смогли выпускать профессионально выглядящие брошюры, листовки и письма, не прибегая к дорогостоящим литографическим процессам. Графика и издательское дело быстро стали единственным наиболее важным рынком для Mac.
Еще одним нововведением стала программная база данных под названием HyperCard, которую Apple бесплатно включил в каждый Macintosh, начиная с 1987 года. Используя технологию под названием hyperlinking, эта программа, написанная Биллом Аткинсоном, применялась многими учителями для организации мультимедийных элементов для презентаций в классе – идея, которая предшествовала HTML (язык гипертекстовой разметки), лежащий в основе Всемирной паутины.
Это был золотой век для Apple: выручка компании приблизилась к 10 миллиардам долларов, и она продала более миллиона компьютеров в год. Тем не менее, прибыль Apple омрачал тот факт, что его доля на рынке падала, несмотря на технологическое превосходство его продуктов. Несовместимость Mac с программным обеспечением Apple II, проблема, которая изначально игнорировалась, замедлила продажи в образовательных учреждениях и вынудила сохранить устаревшую линейку Apple II до 1993 года. Потребительские продажи пострадали, так как компания препятствовала разработке игр, опасаясь, что Mac не будет восприниматься бизнес-сообществом всерьёз. Более того, Microsoft после неудачной попытки заключить соглашение о продаже Mac OS на процессоре Intel представил Windows, собственную графическую операционную систему. Apple годами безуспешно пытался удержать Microsoft от копирования «внешнего вида» своей операционной системы, хотя сам Mac OS использовал графический интерфейс PARC. Между тем, поскольку последующие версии Windows были улучшены, а конкуренция между несколькими производителями ПК привела к росту инноваций и снижению цен, все меньше людей были готовы платить больше, ведь благодаря свей репутации производителя качественных продуктов, Apple смог получить больше денег.
В 1991 году Apple и IBM объявили о союзе. В дополнение к подписанию технологического соглашения с Motorola, Inc., на разработку следующего поколения RISC (вычислительный чип с уменьшенным набором команд), известный как PowerPC, Apple и IBM создали две новые компании по разработке программного обеспечения, Taligent, Inc. и Kaleida Labs, Inc., для разработки программного обеспечения операционной системы. Предполагалось, что Taligent позволит версиям Mac OS и IBM OS / 2 работать на новом стандарте компьютерного оборудования, общей аппаратной эталонной платформе (CHRP), а Kaleida Labs должен был разработать мультимедийное программное обеспечение. Однако, когда Apple и IBM начали ссориться из-за технических требований CHRP, а затраты выросли примерно до 400 миллионов долларов для Taligent и 200 миллионов долларов для Kaleida Labs, Apple отказалась от своих вложений.
Скалли также пообещал больше, чем Apple могла предоставить с Newton, персональным цифровым помощником (PDA), который страдал от плохого распознавания рукописного ввода и отвлекал инженерные и финансовые ресурсы компании. Кроме того, компания колебалась с Claris Corporation, ее подразделением программного обеспечения, сначала реорганизовав ее в независимую компанию, а затем реабсорбировав ее, когда она начала переводить больше ресурсов на программное обеспечение Windows.
Скалли сменил Майкл Шпиндлер в 1993 году. Самыми заметными достижениями Шпиндлера в качестве генерального директора стали успешная миграция Mac OS на микропроцессор PowerPC и начало перехода от фирменных стандартов Apple. Тем не менее, Apple боролась с маркетинговыми прогнозами, накапливая большие нереализованные запасы одних моделей и одновременно не имея возможности удовлетворить заказы на миллиарды долларов на другие модели. В совокупности с радикальными проблемами контроля качества, в частности, дефектной линией мониторов и некоторыми широко разрекламированными сгорающими портативными компьютерами, эти неудачи положили конец правлению Шпиндлера в начале 1996 года с назначением на должность Гилберта Ф. Амелио.
Apple сократила эксплуатационные расходы и восстановила контроль качества, но к тому времени лишь небольшой процент покупателей новых компьютеров выбрали Mac вместо машин под управлением Windows, и финансовое положение Apple было плачевным. В декабре 1996 года, чтобы обеспечить замену стареющей операционной системы Mac после краха системы CHRP и затяжной неспособности компании производить её собственными силами, Apple приобрел компанию NeXT Software, Inc., созданную Джобсом после его ухода из компании в 1985 году, за 429 млн. долл. Сам Джобс был назначен советником генерального директора, но он быстро разочаровался и продал все акции Apple, за исключением одной акции, которую он получил при продаже NeXT. Когда Apple не удалось добиться прибыльности при Амелио, а ее доля на мировом рынке упала примерно до 3 процентов, совет директоров в середине 1997 года нанял неожиданную временную замену: Джобс впервые стал бесспорным лидером компании, которую он соучредил.
Джобс приступил к оживлению компании. Он быстро объявил о союзе с бывшим врагом Microsoft, который инвестировал 150 миллионов долларов в Apple; закончил нерешительную программу по лицензированию Mac OS; упорядочил то, что стало запутанной продуктовой линией, чтобы сосредоточиться на традиционных рынках компании в сфере образования, издательства и потребителей; и помогал наблюдать за внедрением более доступных компьютеров, в частности, оригинально разработанного многофункционального iMac.
В 1997 году также была представлена знаменитая рекламная кампания Apple «Думай иначе», посвященная известным художникам, ученым и музыкантам.
До появления iMac в 1998 году все компьютеры Mac были построены со специальным чипом памяти только для чтения (ROM), который содержал часть операционной системы Apple и позволял Mac OS работать только на определенных машинах. Это была новая эра и для аппаратного и программного обеспечения. Джонни Айв возглавил разработку iMac, компьютера «все в одном». Новая машина, частично построенная на основе CHRP, со стандартной памятью ПК и периферийным интерфейсом, стала продолжением отхода Apple от аппаратных или проприетарных стандартов. Благодаря встроенным высокоскоростным сетевым возможностям iMac был разработан для оживления продаж Apple на потребительском и образовательном рынках.
iMac быстро стал самым продаваемым компьютером и поднял долю рынка Apple в США с рекордно низкого уровня в 2,6 процента в декабре 1997 года до примерно 13,5 процента в августе 1998 года. Более того, в 1998 году компания Apple добилась прибыльного финансового года – первого с 1995 года.
В 2000 году Джобс представил Mac OS X на основе операционной системы от NeXT Computers, наконец заменив System 7.
В 2001 году Apple представила iTunes, компьютерную программу для воспроизведения музыки и преобразования музыки в компактный цифровой формат MP3, широко используемый на компьютерах и других цифровых устройствах. Позже в том же году Apple начала продажи iPod, портативного MP3-плеера, который быстро стал лидером рынка (термин подкастинг, сочетающий iPod и вещание, используется как существительное, так и глагол для обозначения аудио-или видеоматериалов, загруженных для портативного или отложенного воспроизведения). Более поздние модели добавили большую емкость для хранения данных и компактный размер, цветные экраны и функции воспроизведения видео. В 2003 году компания Apple начала продавать копии песен крупных звукозаписывающих компаний в формате MP3 через Интернет. К 2006 году через веб-сайт Apple было продано более миллиарда песен и видео. Кроме того в 2006 году Apple наконец перешел на системную архитектуру на базе Intel.
Первый iPhone и новая эра для компании.
В 2007 году Apple представил iPhone с сенсорным экраном, сотовый телефон с возможностью воспроизведения MP3 и видео и доступа к Интернету. В том же году Джобс объявил об изменении названия компании. Apple Computers Inc. стал называться Apple Inc., что свидетельствовало о том, что компания определила себя гораздо высокую планку, чем изначально планировалось. Первые модели были доступны только в сочетании с беспроводным сервисом AT & T и не могли использоваться в последних беспроводных сетях третьего поколения (3G). Apple исправила последнее ограничение в 2008 году с выпуском iPhone 3G или iPhone 2.0, который также включал поддержку глобальной системы позиционирования (GPS). Как и другие «смартфоны», такие как BlackBerry, от канадской компании Research in Motion, новый iPhone включал функции, ориентированные на бизнес-пользователей. В частности, память устройства можно было стереть удаленно, если устройство было утеряно. Как и в случае с оригинальным iPhone, спрос был очень высоким, и новых iPhone 3G было продано за миллион устройств в первые три дня после его появления.
С выходом трекпада в 2008 году компания Apple привнесла возможности сенсорного управления в свои компьютеры и iPhone. Технология multi-touch была разработана исключительно для Apple, и могла распознавать многие движения тремя пальцами. В том же году они выпустили App Store для iPhone и iPod Touch. App Store стал еще одним хитом, принесшим 60 миллионов продаж приложений и приносящим Apple 1 миллион долларов ежедневно, всего через месяц после его запуска. Джобс сказал, что один только магазин приложений может стать для компании изобретением на миллиард долларов. Чуть позже стало известно, насколько популярным был iPhone, когда Apple стала третьим по величине поставщиком мобильных телефонов в мире.
К 19 июня 2009 года, когда Apple выпустил iPhone 3G S, которых было также продано миллион устройств в первые три дня после его выпуска, доля компании на рынке смартфонов достигла около 20 процентов (по сравнению с примерно 55 процентами для смартфонов линейки BlackBerry). В дополнение к аппаратным изменениям, таким как трехмегапиксельная цифровая камера, которая может записывать цифровое видео, и внутренний цифровой компас (способный работать с различным картографическим программным обеспечением), iPhone 3G S включал новую операционную систему, iPhone OS 3.0. Новая система включала поддержку голосового управления и пирингового (P2P) воспроизведения электронных игр с другими пользователями iPhone через Wi-Fi. Последняя функция была частью стратегии Apple, чтобы конкурировать на рынке портативных игр с DS компании Nintendo и PSP корпорации Sony. IPhone также можно было использовать для чтения электронных книг. Электронные книги в форматах, совместимых с iPhone, можно было приобрести через Интернет у дилеров электронных книг, таких как iTunes Store и Amazon.com.
В 2010 году Apple представил iPad, устройство с сенсорным экраном, промежуточное по размеру между ноутбуком и смартфоном с дисплеем с диагональю 9,7 дюйма (24,6 см). Он был толщиной около 0,5 дюйма (1,2 см) и весил 1,5 фунта (0,7 кг). Сенсорный экран был способен отображать видео высокой четкости. В iPad также были встроены такие приложения, как iTunes, и он мог запускать все приложения, доступные для iPhone. В партнерстве с пятью крупными издательствами – Penguin, HarperCollins, Simon and Schuster, Macmillan и Hachette – Apple разработал для iPad собственное приложение для электронных книг iBooks, а также магазин iBook, доступный через Интернет. За первую неделю его дебюта было продано 500 000 единиц. В октябре 2010 акции Apple достигли небывалого максимума – более 300 долларов за акцию.
Apple в 2011 году представил iCloud, сервис облачных вычислений, в котором приложения, фотографии, документы, календари и недавно приобретенная музыка пользователя будут храниться в iCloud и автоматически обновляться на других устройствах пользователя. Некоторые аналитики рассматривали iCloud как план Apple на будущее, в котором пользователи могут отказаться от персонального компьютера в качестве основного места для хранения данных.
Из-за плохого здоровья Джобс ушел с поста генерального директора в августе 2011 года, и его сменил главный операционный директор Тим Кук; Джобс умер в октябре того же года. В первые годы пребывания Кука на этом посту Apple не представлял никаких совершенно новых продуктов, а скорее выпускал новые версии предыдущих продуктов, таких как iPhone 4S, который содержал программу персонального помощника Siri, которая могла отвечать на устные команды и вопросы, и iPad Mini, уменьшенную версию iPad. В 2014 году Apple сделал свое крупнейшее приобретение, купив производителя наушников и музыкально-стриминговую компанию Beats за $ 3 млрд. В следующем году Apple представил умные часы – Apple Watch.
К 2012 году отношения с Google стали напряженными, и Apple исключил приложение Google Maps из своей новой мобильной операционной системы iOS 6. Однако внедрение новых карт Apple Maps стало грандиозным фиаско. Предлагая новые функции, такие как пошаговая навигация, векторная графика и новый вид Fly-over для масштабирования 3D зданий, Apple Maps изначально выглядел так, как будто они будут лучше, чем Google Maps. Но очень быстро разработчики iOS 6 начали замечать проблемы: маршруты указывали правильное направление, недалеко от Дублина появился фантомный аэропорт, главный железнодорожный вокзал Окленда оказался посреди моря, Статуя Свобобы куда-то делась, Бруклинский мост был стерт и т.д. Многочисленные критические отзывы привели к публичным извинениям со стороны Тима Кука и отставке шефа отдела программного обеспечения iOS Скотта Форсталла.
11 января 2012 г. Apple купил за $ 500 млн израильскую технологическую фирму Anobit, производителя флэш-памяти, чьи чипы он испльзовал в таких гаджетах, как iPhone, iPad и MacBook Air. Anobit разработал микросхему, которая повышает производительность флэш-накопителя за счет обработки сигнала.
19 января 2012 года компания Apple Inc совершила большой скачок на рынке цифровых учебников, выпустив программное обеспечение iBooks 2, стремясь оживить образовательный рынок США и ускорить внедрение своего лидирующего на рынке iPad в этом секторе. Компания начала работать над созданием цифровых учебников совместно с издательствами Pearson PLC, McGraw-Hill Cos Inc и Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, на долю которых приходилось 90 процентов продаваемых в США учебников. Этот шаг усилил конкуренцию с Amazon.com Inc и другими производителями контента и устройств, которые проникли на рынок, оцениваемый в 8 миллиардов долларов, предлагая свои электронные учебники.
21 сентября 2012 г. Суд Мангейма вынес решение против Apple Inc по двум патентным спорам против компаний Samsung Electronics и Motorola Mobility, принадлежащий Google. Суд постановил, что Samsung и Motorola не нарушали права на технологии, связанные с функциями сенсорных экранов. Технология сенсорного экрана используется во многих приложениях, работающих на мобильной платформе Google Android. Отраслевые аналитики опасались, что решение в пользу Apple может иметь более широкое влияние на индустрию смартфонов. Месяцом ранее, Apple одержал знаковую юридическую победу над Samsung, когда американский суд присяжных признал, что корейская компания скопировала критические функции iPhone и iPad и присудила Apple $1,05 млрд. за ущерб.
13 июля 2012 Apple Inc присоединился к системе экологических рейтингов «EPEAT», признав, что его решение прекратить участие в программе, которая оценивает «зеленые» сертификаты электронных продуктов, было ошибкой. Это произошло после сообщений о том, что различные правительственные учреждения и школы, использующие систему сертификации EPEAT, рассматривали возможность отказа от продуктов Apple, в том числе компьютеров Macintosh и iPad.
11 ноября 2012 г. Apple Inc и HTC Corp объявили о глобальном урегулировании патентных споров и лицензионном соглашении сроком на 10 лет, которое включало в себя текущие и будущие патенты, принадлежащие компаниям.В 2010 году Apple подал в суд на компанию HTC, обвинив тайваньскую телефонную компанию в нарушении запатентованной технологии производителя iPhone. Это был первый крупный юридический иск компании Apple против производителя, использовавшего операционную систему Google Android.
В 2012 году Apple оказался в центре скандала, в связи с невыносимыми условиями работы в компании Foxconn, который является одним из производителей устройств Apple, а также одним из крупнейших в мире OEM-производителей. The New York Times опубликовал свои статьи о нечеловеческих условиях работы на предприятиях китайских производителей оборудования Apple.
25 ноября 2013 г. Apple Inc купил израильскую компанию PrimeSense Ltd, разработчика 3D-чипов. Израильские СМИ сообщили, что Apple заплатил около 350 миллионов долларов за компанию PrimeSense, чья сенсорная технология дает цифровым устройствам возможность наблюдать сцену в трех измерениях, была использована для поддержки устройства Microsoft Xbox Kinect.
2 июня 2014 г. на мероприятии для разработчиков WWDC компания удивила всех присутствующих, представив новый язык программирования под названием Swift, который, со временем, заменил Objective-C в качестве основного языка программирования на платформах Apple. Он должен быть знаком тем, кто уже привык к Objective-C, говорит Apple, и предназначен для «унификации процедурных и объектно-ориентированных частей языка». Тем не менее, он отличается от Objective-C не только синтаксисом; он также включает в себя типы переменных, такие как кортежи и опциональные типы. Он также включает в себя операторы, которые не встречаются в Objective-C, которые позволяют, например, выполнять остаточные операции над числами с плавающей точкой.
9 сентября 2014 года Тим Кук представил Apple Watch как первое устройство компании, которое можно носить на руке. Продукт разработан командой во главе с одним из руководителей Apple, Джеффом Уильямсом, и компания собрала более 18 000 часов данных о здоровье и фитнесе, прежде чем выпустить его на рынок в апреле 2015 года. Apple Watch оснащены сенсорным экраном, системой отслеживания фитнеса и индуктивной зарядки. В том же месяце, на мероприятии, посвящённом запуску новых iPhone 6 и 6 Plus, компания также объявила о выпуске платёжной системы Apple Pay, позволяющий некоторым устройствам Apple осуществлять авторизованные платежи через электронный кошелек. По состоянию на март 2019 года эта услуга доступна только в некоторых странах.
9 марта 2015 г. Apple представил MacBook. Наблюдатели выражали недовольство по поводу нового, более тонкого и лёгкого 12-дюймового MacBook. «Он маломощный», – сказали они. «Срок автономной работы аккумулятора будет коротким. Новая клавиатура слишком мелкая». MacBook был оснащён всего двумя портами, разъёмом для наушников 3,5 мм и одним универсальным портом USB-C; это был первый Mac с интерфейсом USB-C. Порт поддерживал скорость передачи данных до 5 Гбит/с и мог использоваться для передачи данных, вывода аудио/видеосигнала и зарядки; это был первый MacBook без подзарядки MagSafe. Несмотря на то, что технология Thunderbolt 3 использует разъёмы USB-C, порт USB-C на MacBook не поддерживает Thunderbolt. Он был одним из двух Mac, наряду с 2012 Mac Pro, который не поддерживал Thunderbolt с момента его появления на Mac в 2011 г. 9 июля 2019 года Apple прекратил продажу 12-дюймового MacBook всего через четыре года после того, как выпустил самый тонкий в своём классе ноутбук. MacBook Air предыдущего поколения – ноутбук без дисплея Retina – также больше не продаётся в магазинах Apple.
В тот же день был запущен ResearchKit – платформа программного обеспечения для медицины. Она помогает ученым набирать участников для исследований; участники могут записываться на исследования и проходить тесты или предоставлять другие данные. Среди первых партнеров по исследованиям были такие известные компании, как Оксфордский университет, Стэнфордский медицинский институт и Институт рака Дана-Фарбера. Мобильное приложение по астме было одним из пяти приложений по конкретным заболеваниям, которые компания Apple запустила с первым выпуском ResearchKit. В настоящее время исследователям и разработчикам доступна программная структура, предназначенная для исследований в области медицины и здравоохранения, которая помогает врачам, ученым и другим исследователям чаще и точнее собирать данные от участников, использующих мобильные устройства. Первые исследовательские приложения, разработанные с использованием ResearchKit, изучали астму, рак молочной железы, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, диабет и болезнь Паркинсона, и в них зарегистрировалось более 60 000 пользователей iPhone всего за первые несколько недель.
В компании также признают, что есть несколько слабых мест. Во-первых, это низкий уровень удержания пользователей. В рамках данного исследования около 85 процентов людей заполнили хотя бы один тест, в то время как около 30 процентов заполнили тест более одного раза за шесть месяцев. Отсутствие постоянного интереса означает неполноту информации. Это не единственная проблема. Возможно, что люди, которые добровольно скачивают эти приложения, не могут представлять население, в целом, отчасти потому, что у многих людей есть телефоны на Android, а не Apple. ResearchKit может столкнуться с этическими проблемами, когда речь заходит о безопасности данных и о том, чтобы убедиться, что люди понимают все риски, связанные с добровольным использованием их информации.
Федеральный судья 16 февраля 2016 года постановил, что Apple должен выполнить приказ ФБР, чтобы разблокировать iPhone, используемый одним из убийц во время стрельбы в Сан-Бернардино, Калифорния. Apple отказался, заявив, что решение, которое создаст Apple, эквивалентно разработке «черного хода» на iPhone. ФБР отозвало свое заявление 28 марта после взлома телефона без помощи Apple.
21 марта 2016 г. мир узнал о маленьком iPhone SE. Он выглядит как iPhone 5S, последний 4-дюймовый телефон Apple, выпущенный в 2014 году, но имеет ту же производительность процессора и графики, что и iPhone 6S. Внутри находится чип A9 от Apple, который увеличивает скорость в два раза по сравнению с iPhone 5S. Он поддерживает Hey Siri, голосовой помощник в режиме громкой связи, имеет 12-мегапиксельную камеру и снимает 4K-видео. Внутри есть чип NFC, так что телефон может работать с Apple Pay. Новый четырёхдюймовый iPhone дал Apple долгожданный толчок продажам на ключевых рынках в период с апреля по июнь.
Другая важная новость компании Apple – это то, что она взяла iPad Pro и сделала его меньше. Также называемая iPad Pro, новая 9.7-дюймовая версия включает в себя много тех же мощных функций, что и большая 12.9-дюймовая модель Pro. Внутри тот же самый чип A9X. Экран менее светоотражающий, но более яркий и имеет большую насыщенность цвета, для всех тех профи, кто использует его в качестве основного рабочего устройства. Он имеет дисплей истинного тона, который измеряет цветовую температуру окружающего света с помощью новых датчиков освещенности и соответствующим образом настраивает экран.
На том же мероприятии был представлен CareKit – программное обеспечение, разработанное для помощи разработчикам в активном управлении состоянием здоровья людей. Приложения для iPhone, использующие CareKit, облегчают людям мониторинг планов медицинского обслуживания и отслеживание симптомов и принимаемых лекарств, а также предоставляют информацию, которая помогает людям лучше понимать состояние своего здоровья. Благодаря возможности обмениваться информацией с врачами, медсестрами или членами семьи, приложения CareKit помогают людям принимать более активное участие в сохранении своего здоровья. Одно из таких приложений, например, нацелено на то, чтобы помочь людям, страдающим болезнью Паркинсона, отслеживать, насколько эффективны их лекарства. Другой пример – приложение, созданное Техасским медицинским центром, которое отслеживает пациентов после операции и следит за тем, чтобы они хорошо восстановились после выписки из больницы. Одна из замечательных особенностей CareKit заключается в том, что он имеет открытый исходный код – любой разработчик может получить доступ к коду для создания приложения CareKit – это способ Apple упростить создание приложений, которые имеют чистый пользовательский интерфейс и работают так, как должны.
13 декабря 2016 г. вместе с iPhone 7 и обновлениями для часов Apple, Кук объявил о выпуске AirPods – беспроводных наушников, которые могут чувствовать, когда они находятся в ушах пользователя и работают автоматически. Они совместимы с большинством устройств компании – iPhone, Apple Watch, iPad или Mac – и работали на специально разработанном чипе Apple W1, разработанный для эффективной беспроводной работы и чистого звука.
Федеральный судья 16 февраля 2016 года постановил, что Apple должен был выполнить приказ ФБР, и разблокировать iPhone одного из убийц, стрелявших в Сан-Бернардино, Калифорния. Apple отказался, заявив, что решение, которое создаст Apple, эквивалентно разработке «черного хода» на iPhone. ФБР отозвало свое заявление 28 марта после взлома телефона без помощи Apple.
26 июня 2017 Apple и Cisco договорились сотрудничать, чтобы помочь предприятиям, которые в основном используют оборудование обеих компаний, получить скидку на страховые взносы за кибербезопасность. Cisco создал системы, которые позволят осуществлять непрерывный мониторинг безопасности, а страховщики должны перепроверить, что системы настроены так, как это было запланировано. Cisco выпустил новое приложение безопасности для iPhone, предназначенное для защиты от так называемых фишинговых атак – письмо с вредоносной ссылкой, отправленное под видом настоящего. «Ускоренная полоса», которую Cisco создал в 2015 году для ускорения интернет-соединения для iPhone на маршрутизаторах и коммутаторах Cisco, была расширена до компьютеров Mac.
В 2017-ом Apple начал привлекать бизнес-пользователей, добавив дополнительные функции безопасности для своих iPhone и iPad. По словам Кука, в 2015 году компания Apple получала не менее 25 миллиардов долларов в год от продажи своей продукции предприятиям. Apple также предпринял совместные усилия с компаниями-разработчиками корпоративного программного обеспечения IBM и SAP, чтобы побудить разработчиков писать бизнес-приложения для своих мобильных устройств.
В сентябре 2017 года на первом мероприятии, проведенном в Театре Стива Джобса в Купертино, Калифорния, компания представила десятую юбилейную версию iPhone, среди других продуктов, таких как Apple TV 4k. Кук описывал iPhone X как «продукт, который определит путь развития технологий на следующее десятилетие». Самый дорогой, на тот момент, смартфон Apple, iPhone X, был распродан менее чем за 10 минут после того, как его сделали доступным для предварительного заказа. Несмотря на ценник, спрос был высокий. В онлайн-магазине компании возникли проблемы с сервером в течение нескольких минут сразу после запуска предварительных заказов.
Благодаря форм-фактору из стекла и нержавеющей стали, безрамочному дизайну, уменьшению лицевых панелей и отсутствию «подбородка», в отличие от многих телефонов Android. Это был первый iPhone с OLED-экраном. Датчик отпечатков пальцев кнопки «Домой» был заменен новым типом аутентификации под названием Face ID, в котором используются датчики для сканирования лица пользователя для разблокировки устройства. Эта возможность распознавания лиц также позволяла анимировать смайлы в соответствии с выражением лица пользователя (Animoji). Благодаря безрамочному дизайну взаимодействие с пользователем iPhone значительно изменилось: для навигации по операционной системе использовались жесты, а не кнопка «Домой», которая использовалась во всех предыдущих iPhone. На момент запуска в ноябре 2017 года его цена в 999 долларов США также делала его самым дорогим iPhone за всю историю с еще более высокими ценами на международном рынке из-за дополнительных местных продаж и налогов на импорт.
IPhone X получил положительные отзывы. Его дисплей и качество сборки получили высокую оценку, камера также получила положительные оценки на тестах. Телефон получил поляризованный прием благодаря «выемке» на корпусе датчика в верхней части экрана и внедрению совершенно нового метода аутентификации. Над отметкой активно насмехались пользователи в социальных сетях, хотя разработчики приложений нейтрально или положительно отреагировали на изменения, которые она внесла в пользовательский опыт в их приложениях и играх. Рецензенты вызвали неоднозначную реакцию: одни осуждали его, а другие признавали необычным в первые моменты использования, прежде чем привыкнуть к его присутствию. Распознавание лиц Face ID хвалили за простую настройку, но критиковали за необходимость прямого взгляда на экран, хотя эту опцию можно отключить в системных настройках.
iPhone X был быстро распродан и это стало не совсем хорошей новостью для Apple. Компания, как сообщается, была обеспокоена тем, что она может столкнуться с серьезными ограничениями в поставках для iPhone X. В статье Nikkei Asian Review утверждалось, что его годовой объем производства, как ожидается, будет всего 20 млн. единиц, половина того, что изначально планировалось. В другой статье, от Bloomberg, утверждалось, что Apple, было вынуждено удалить некоторые элементы контроля качества из своей производственной линии для того, чтобы увеличить выпуск до приемлемого уровня. Apple опроверг эту статью, заявив, что утверждение, «о том, что Apple снизила требования к точности Face ID, полностью ложно».
Успех iPhone X – это лишь одна часть опасений Apple. Компания также пыталась сбалансировать спрос на iPhone 8, более бюджетные смартфоны в своем модельном ряду на 2017 год. Первоначальные отчеты свидетельствовали о том, что iPhone 8 и 8 Plus в первые несколько недель продажи столкнулись с вялыми продажами, по сравнению с предыдущими выпусками iPhone.
Наряду с iPhone 6s, его плюсовым вариантом и iPhone SE первого поколения, iPhone X был снят с производства 12 сентября 2018 года после анонса устройств iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max и iPhone XR. В результате со сроком хранения чуть более 10 месяцев, iPhone X имел самый короткий срок использования в качестве флагманского устройства в истории iPhone.
22 ноября 2018, Apple возобновил производство iPhone X, как сообщалось, из-за слабых продаж своих преемников. Производство iPhone X по-прежнему прекращено, но с февраля 2019 года компания Apple начала продавать отремонтированные модели, начиная с $769. В декабре 2019 года компания Apple снизила цену до $599.
iPhone 8 и iPhone 8 Plus – это смартфоны, разработанные и продаваемые компанией Apple Inc. Это 11-е поколение iPhone. Они были анонсированы 12 сентября 2017 года вместе с iPhone X более высокого класса, сменив на рынке iPhone 7 и iPhone 7 Plus. За исключением добавления стеклянной задней панели, дизайн iPhone 8 и 8 Plus во многом аналогичен дизайну своих предшественников. Заметные изменения включают удаление варианта цвета «розовое золото», добавление индуктивной зарядки, более быстрый процессор и улучшенные камеры и дисплеи. У iPhone 8 и 8 Plus большая часть внутреннего оборудования совпадает с iPhone X.
Отзывы о телефонах были положительными: обозреватели хвалили добавление индуктивной зарядки, возможности быстрой зарядки и новый процессор Apple A11, критикуя устаревший дизайн, представленный в iPhone 6 и iPhone 6 Plus в 2014 году. Выпуск iPhone 8 и iPhone 8 Plus был прекращён компанией Apple 15 апреля 2020 года с выпуском iPhone SE второго поколения.
14 декабря 2017 г. в продажу поступил новый iMac Pro, который подходили под любой творческий процесс, что сделало его идеальным компьютером как для профессионалов, так и для создателей контента. Несмотря на то, что iMac Pro выглядел как классический iMac, его внутренние компоненты специально предназначены для профессионалов, а его аппаратное обеспечение на уровне рабочих станций может абсолютно без проблем справиться с гораздо большей ежедневной нагрузкой, чем требуется большинству людей. Для профессиональных фотографов, гейм-дизайнеров или архитекторов – это, несомненно, была солидная покупка.
Базовой модели определенно более чем достаточно для многих творческих начинаний. Он оснащен 27-дюймовым 5K дисплеем Retina, 8-ядерным процессором Intel Xeon W (CPU), графическим процессором AMD Radeon Vega 56 (8 ГБ), 32 ГБ памяти с кодом коррекции ошибок (ECC) и твердотельным накопителем (SSD) емкостью 1 ТБ. Есть более мощный iMac с 10-ядерным процессором Xeon W, 32 ГБ оперативной памяти, графикой AMD Vega 64X и гигантским твердотельным накопителем на 2 ТБ и стоило это 7 099 долларов. И наконец, самую мощную комплектацию iMac Pro входили 18-ядерный чип Intel Xeon W, 256 ГБ оперативной памяти, 4 ТБ SSD-накопителя и такой же графический процессор AMD Radeon Vega 64X за 15 699 долларов.
Процессоры Xeon имеют ряд преимуществ для творческих профессионалов перед процессорами Core. Чипы Xeon, как правило, более надежны и стабильны, чем чипы Core. Они могут использовать ECC (код с исправлением ошибок) ОЗУ, что может предотвратить ошибки, которые могут, например, привести к сбоям в работе компьютера во время длительного рендеринга. Они также имеют больший кэш, что означает лучшую производительность с более сложными данными – будь то большие многослойные файлы Photoshop, видео 4K или 3D-сцены с огромными текстурами.
Процессор, память и ОЗУ не спаяны и могут быть извлечены. В отличие от 27-дюймового iMac, iMac Pro не имеет порта доступа к памяти, хотя память может быть модернизирована в магазинах Apple Store и авторизованными поставщиками услуг. Замена памяти пользователем возможна, поскольку она не спаяна, но это требует разборки дисплея, что аннулирует гарантию. iMac Pro – первая модель, оснащенная сопроцессором Apple T2. Это приводит к тому, что твердотельный накопитель не подлежит замене пользователем, поскольку модули SSD криптографически сопряжены с микросхемой T2, хотя SSD не припаян на материнской плате, как во многих моделях MacBook.
2 августа 2018 года Apple стала первой публичной компанией США, чья рыночная стоимость составила 1 триллион долларов. К тому моменту акции компании выросли на 1100 процентов с 2007 года, когда был продан первый iPhone.
24 сентября 2018 г. Apple Inc завершил сделку по приобретению приложения для поиска музыки Shazam. По некоторым данным, сумма сделки составила 400 млн. долл. США. Стоимость приобретения далека от 1 миллиарда долларов, на которые Shazam оценивался во время последнего раунда финансирования, но компании было трудно найти жизнеспособную бизнес-модель, получив в 2016 году всего 54 миллиона долларов прибыли. Apple также, вероятно, был заинтересован в технологии дополненной реальности Shazam, которая может помочь улучшить его собственные предложения. У Shazam есть технология визуального распознавания и AR-платформа для брендов, которая может помочь в разработке функции типа Google Lens и улучшить работу ARKit. Это приобретение должно помочь Apple лучше конкурировать с компанией Spotify, лидером в области услуг потокового воспроизведения музыки.
Впервые анонсированная в 2017 году, компания Apple выпустила первую интеллектуальную колонку в феврале 2018. Как и динамики, выпущенные Amazon и Google, голосовой помощник HomePod помогает управлять всеми интеллектуальными устройствами в доме, воспроизводить музыку Apple Music и помогать в повседневных задачах.
При цене $349 HomePod изначально позиционировался как первый продукт, который в одном корпусе справляется как с высоким качеством звука, так и с функцией «умный помощник». До того, как выпуск HomePod был отложен, Sonos One и усовершенствованные акустические системы Amazon Echo обещали сделать то же самое за меньшие деньги, и устройства уже были отгружены.
Первоначальные отзывы похвалили качество звука и отзывы Siri, но HomePod не получил ни одной награды за то, что был самой умной акустической системой. В день запуска HomePod магазины Apple Stores были переполнены, но в основном покупатели ждали замены аккумуляторов для iPhone. Кроме того, было обнаружено, что силиконовая основа на дне устройства иногда повреждает деревянные поверхности.
Consumer Intelligence Research Partners (CIRP) провело исследование, которое не включало Sonos или других производителей умных динамиков в свой анализ. Итак, когда говорилось, что Apple контролировала 6% установленной базы умных динамиков во втором квартале 2018 года, это относилось только к владельцам устройств Echo, Home и HomePod.
Если учесть, что около 7% пользователей умных динамиков имели устройства Sonos или других производителей, общая рыночная доля HomePod, вероятно, приблизилась к 5,5% или ниже. Согласно этому анализу, у Amazon было около 65%, а Google – 22%. Согласно отчёту было продано около 3 млн. устройств HomePod.
В октябре 2018 г. Apple заключил сделку с компанией Dialog Semiconductor на 600 миллионов долларов, что позволило взять под контроль технологию управления питанием, лежащую в основе его айфонов. Кроме того Dialog был зарегистриован в качестве поставщика для американского технологического гиганта. Соглашение о лицензировании технологии и взять к себе людей из англо-немецкого разработчика чипов не только необычно, но и крупнейший в своем роде со стороны Apple, чьим последним значительным приобретением, до этого, стала покупка за 350 млн долларов создателя Face ID, PrimeSense, в 2013 году.
Через 4 дня Apple приобрел Asaii, стартап, который создал движок музыкальной аналитики для музыкальных лейблов и менеджеров исполнителей, в попытке усилить рекомендации по контенту для своих музыкальных пользователей. По некоторым данным, сделка Apple по покупке Asaii составила менее 100 миллионов долларов.
Продукция.
Продукты и услуги компании включают iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, AirPods, Apple TV, HomePodTM, портфель потребительских и профессиональных программных приложений, операционные системы iOS, macOS, watchOS и tvOSTM, iCloud, Apple Pay и множество других. предложения аксессуаров, услуг и поддержки. Компания продает и поставляет цифровой контент и приложения через iTunes Store, App Store, Mac App Store, TV App Store, Book Store и Apple Music (совместно именуемые «Цифровой контент и услуги»).
iPhone.
iPhone — это линейка смартфонов компании, работающих на базе операционной системы iOS. iPhone включает в себя Siri, интеллектуального ассистента, а также Apple Pay, Touch ID и Face ID на соответствующих устройствах. В сентябре 2018 года компания представила три новых iPhone. iPhone Xs и Xs Max оснащены OLED-дисплеем Super RetinaTM, полноэкранным дисплеем из нержавеющей стали и стекла, более быстрыми процессорами и усовершенствованными камерами. iPhone XR оснащён жидкокристаллическим ЖК-дисплеем RetinaTM в полноэкранном алюминиевом и стеклянном дизайне, который стал доступен с октября 2018 года. Линейка смартфонов компании также включает модели iPhone 8, 8 Plus, 7 и 7 Plus.
iPad.
iPad — это линейка многофункциональных планшетов компании на базе операционной системы iOS, в которую входят iPad Pro, iPad и iPad mini. iPad включает в себя Siri, Apple Pay и Touch ID. В марте 2018 года компания выпустила новый 9,7-дюймовый iPad с поддержкой Apple Pencil. В октябре 2018 года компания представила новую версию iPad Pro, а также новую Apple Pencil и Smart Keyboard FolioTM. Новые 11-дюймовые и 12,9-дюймовые модели iPad Pro оснащены жидкокристаллическим дисплеем Liquid Retina, выполненным из алюминия и стекла, с полностью экранным дизайном, и интегрируют Face ID. iPad работает с iTunes Store, App Store, Book Store и Apple Music для покупки, установки и использования цифрового контента и приложений.
Mac.
Mac — это линейка настольных и портативных персональных компьютеров компании на базе операционной системы MacOS. Mac включает в себя Siri и поддерживает Apple Pay, а также Touch ID на соответствующих устройствах. Настольные компьютеры компании включают iMac 21,5 дюйма, iMac 21,5 дюйма с дисплеем Retina 4K, iMac 27 дюймов с дисплеем Retina 5K, iMac Pro, Mac Pro и Mac mini. Портативные компьютеры компании включают MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro и MacBook Pro с сенсорным дисплеем Touch BarTM. В октябре 2018 г. компания представила новый MacBook Air с дисплеем Retina и Touch ID, а также новый Mac mini с повышенной производительностью.
Операционные cистемы.
iOS.
iOS является мобильной операционной системой компании, которая служит основой для устройств iOS. Устройства под управлением iOS совместимы как с персональными компьютерами Mac и Windows, так и с сервисами iCloud от Apple. В сентябре 2018 года компания выпустила iOS 12, которая включает в себя улучшенную производительность и отзывчивость, новые возможности расширенной реальности и выразительные коммуникационные функции, а также представила Siri Shortcuts, позволяющую интеллектуально объединять Siri со сторонними приложениями.
MacOS.
MacOS – это настольная операционная система компании, построенная на основе UNIX на основе открытого исходного кода и обеспечивающая интуитивно понятный и интегрированный компьютерный опыт. Поддержка iCloud встроена в macOS, поэтому пользователи могут получать доступ к контенту и информации с Mac, устройств iOS и других поддерживаемых устройств, а также получать доступ к загруженному контенту и приложениям из iTunes Store. macOS Mojave, выпущенный в сентябре 2018 года, является 15-м основным выпуском macOS и впервые предоставил доступ к таким приложениям, как «Новости», «Акции», «Голосовые заметки» и «Дом» на Mac. MacOS Mojave также добавил улучшения для рабочего стола и поиска, такие как Dark Mode, а также полностью переделал дизайн Mac App Store.
WatchOS.
WatchOS – операционная система компании для Apple Watch. В сентябре 2018 года компания выпустила WatchOS 5, которая помогает пользователям следить за своим здоровьем и поддерживать связь с новыми функциями, включая соревнования по совместному использованию активности, автоматическое определение тренировки, расширенные функции работы, Walkie-Talkie, Apple Podcasts и приложения сторонних производителей на циферблате Siri.
tvOS.
tvOS – операционная система компании Apple TV. Операционная система tvOS основана на платформе iOS и позволяет разработчикам создавать новые приложения и игры специально для Apple TV и доставлять их клиентам через Apple TV App Store. tvOS включает в себя возможности Siri, которые позволяют осуществлять поиск по приложениям и сервисам. В сентябре 2018 года компания выпустила tvOS 12, которая поддерживает улучшенное качество звука и предоставляет дополнительный контент с 4K высоким динамическим диапазоном («HDR»).
Услуги.
Цифровой контент и услуги.
Магазин iTunes Store, доступный для устройств iOS, персональных компьютеров Mac и Windows и Apple TV, позволяет покупателям приобретать и скачивать или передавать музыку и телепередачи, брать напрокат или покупать фильмы и загружать бесплатные подкасты. App Store, доступный для устройств iOS, позволяет клиентам находить и загружать приложения, а также приобретать контент внутри приложений. Mac App Store, доступный для компьютеров Mac, позволяет клиентам находить, загружать и устанавливать приложения Mac. TV App Store позволяет клиентам получать доступ к приложениям и играм специально для Apple TV. Книжный магазин, доступный для устройств iOS и компьютеров Mac, содержит электронные книги от крупных и независимых издателей. Apple Music предлагает пользователям удобное прослушивание на радиостанциях по требованию, которые развиваются в зависимости от активности пользователя при воспроизведении или загрузке, а также сервис потокового интернет-вещания на основе подписки, который также предоставляет неограниченный доступ к библиотеке Apple Music.
iCloud.
iCloud — это облачный сервис компании, который хранит музыку, фотографии, контакты, календари, почту, документы и многое другое, поддерживая их актуальность и доступность на нескольких устройствах iOS, персональных компьютерах Mac и Windows, а также на Apple TV. К облачным сервисам относятся iCloud Drive, iCloud Photos, Family Sharing, Find My iPhone, iPad или Mac, Find My Friends, Notes, iCloud Keychain и iCloud Backup для устройств под управлением iOS.
AppleCare.
Компания предлагает широкий спектр вариантов поддержки для своих клиентов. Сюда входит помощь, встроенная в программные продукты, электронные руководства по продуктам, онлайн-поддержка, включая исчерпывающую информацию о продукте, а также техническая помощь, AppleCare + («AC +») и AppleCare Protection Plan («APP»). AC+ и APP-это платные услуги, которые расширяют охват услуг телефонной поддержки и ремонта оборудования. AC+ предлагает дополнительное покрытие для случаев случайного повреждения и доступен в некоторых странах для определенных продуктов. Кроме того, AC+ с защитой от кражи и потери доступен для iPhone в США.
Apple Pay.
Apple Pay — это услуга компании по безналичному расчету, доступная в некоторых странах и предлагающая простой, безопасный и конфиденциальный способ оплаты. Apple Pay позволяет пользователям оплачивать покупки в принимающих бесконтактные платежи магазинах, а также оплачивать покупки в используемых приложениях на соответствующих устройствах. Apple Pay принимает к оплате кредитные и дебетовые карты в крупных сетях магазинов, а также поддерживает бонусные программы и выпущенные магазинами кредитные и дебетовые карты. В декабре 2017 года компания выпустила обновление для iOS 11 и WatchOS 4, в соответствии с которым Apple Pay Cash стала доступна в США, что позволяет осуществлять одноранговые платежи с использованием Apple Pay.
Другие продукты.
Apple TV.
Apple TV подключается к телевизорам потребителей и позволяет им напрямую получать доступ к цифровому контенту для потоковой передачи видео, воспроизведения музыки и игр, а также просмотра фотографий. Контент из Apple Music и других медиа-сервисов также доступен на Apple TV. Apple TV позволяет транслировать цифровой контент с компьютеров Mac и Windows через Home Sharing, а также с совместимых устройств Mac и iOS через AirPlay. Apple TV работает на операционной системе tvOS компании и основана на приложениях, созданных для телевидения. Кроме того, пульт дистанционного управления Apple TV оснащен функцией Siri, позволяющей пользователям осуществлять поиск и получать доступ к контенту с помощью голоса. Компания предлагает Apple TV и Apple TV 4K, которые поддерживают 4K и HDR контент.
Apple Watch.
Apple Watch — это персональное электронное устройство, которое сочетает в себе пользовательский интерфейс WatchOS и технологии, созданные специально для небольшого устройства, включая Digital Crown – уникальный навигационный инструмент, позволяющий пользователям плавно прокручивать, масштабировать и перемещаться, и Force Touch – технология, которая чувствует разницу между прикосновением и нажатием и позволяет пользователям получить доступ к элементам управления в приложениях. Apple Watch позволяет пользователям общаться с запястья, следить за своим здоровьем и физической формой с помощью приложений для занятий спортом и тренировок, и включает в себя Siri и Apple Pay. В сентябре 2018 года компания представила часы Apple Watch Series 4 с новым дизайном, включающим больший дисплей и более тонкий корпус, а также новые возможности мониторинга здоровья.
Другое.
Компания также продает AirPods, продукты Beats, HomePod, iPod touch и другие аксессуары Apple и сторонних производителей. AirPods – это беспроводные наушники компании, которые взаимодействуют с Siri. В феврале 2018 года компания выпустила HomePod, высококачественный беспроводной интеллектуальный динамик, который взаимодействует с Siri и Apple Music.
Программы для разработчиков.
Программы разработчиков компании помогают разработчикам приложений создавать, тестировать и распространять приложения для iOS, macOS, watchOS и tvOS. Членство в программе разработчика обеспечивает доступ к бета-версии программного обеспечения и расширенным возможностям приложений (например, CloudKit, HealthKit и Apple Pay), возможность тестировать приложения с помощью TestFlight, распространение в App Store, доступ к App Analytics и техническую поддержку на уровне кода. Программы для разработчиков также существуют для предприятий, создающих приложения для внутреннего использования (программа Apple Developer Enterprise), и для разработчиков, создающих аксессуары для устройств Apple (программа MFi). Все разработчики, даже те, кто не является участником программы для разработчиков, могут войти со своим Apple ID, чтобы публиковать их на форумах разработчиков Apple и использовать Xcode, интегрированную среду разработки компании для создания приложений для платформ Apple. Xcode включает в себя инструменты управления проектами; инструменты анализа для сбора, отображения и сравнения данных о производительности приложений; инструменты моделирования для локального запуска, тестирования и отладки приложений; и инструменты для упрощения проектирования и разработки пользовательских интерфейсов. Все разработчики также имеют доступ к обширной технической документации и образцу кода.
Что такое iOS в устройствах Apple: какие модели поддерживают
Ежедневно по всему миру продается огромное количество устройств от корпорации Apple. «Яблочники» есть у многих, но далеко не все разбираются в их устройстве, не знают принципов работы операционной системы iOS – что это такое? Как расшифровывается и как работает iOS?
Что такое iOS
Итак, iOS – что это? Так называется операционная система, разработанная для различных гаджетов (смартфонов, планшетов, проигрывателей) от компании Apple. Она впервые появилась в 2007 году и была разработана для iPhone и iPod. С 2014 года система работает на iPad. Отличительная особенность данной ОС от Android заключается в том, что она не поддерживается на устройствах других производителей.
Айфон на базе iOS
iOS — что это такое для чайников? Говоря проще, это набор функций, опций и команд, которые отвечают за нормальное функционирование устройства. За счет операционной системы айфона человек может звонить, писать сообщения, играть и выполнять другие задачи. А все началось с того, что основатель крупнейшей корпорации Apple Стив Джобс задумал реализовать планы, касающиеся создания сенсорного монитора компьютера. Но впоследствии он передумал, решив, что такая идея лучше сочетается с мобильным устройством.
Стив Джобс презентует новый айфон
Обратите внимание! Операционная система iOS была разработана на базе другой – OS X, которая сейчас носит название macOS. Она была презентована вместе с первым телефоном компании iPhone 2G.А.
Как переводится и расшифровывается iOS
Многих интересует, что это «айос» означает на английском. Расшифровка аббревиатуры простая – «i» указывает на принадлежность к продуктам компании Apple, подобно iPhone, iPad. В свою очередь OS – это Operating System, что может переводиться как «оперативная система». Еще один вопрос, волнующий пользователей – как произносится iOS? На самом деле все просто, слово читается как «айос».
Куда важнее написания – функциональные возможности и отличия от других популярных операционных систем, в частности Андроид. Именно этот вопрос будет рассмотрен далее.
Чем iOS отличается от других операционных систем
Что такое айос было рассмотрено, теперь можно перейти к вопросу, что такое iOS устройство и к ключевым особенностям данной операционной системы. К ним относятся:
- Политика конфиденциальности данных. Ни одно приложение, программное обеспечение не сможет получить личную информацию (доступ к галерее, контактам, музыке, документам, местонахождению, паролям, банковским картам) пользователя без его согласия.
- Высокая степень безопасности. С этой целью на iOS установлены современные антивирусные комплексы.
- Широкое разнообразие встроенных функций, делающих использование устройства максимально комфортным, удобным.
- Высокая скорость выполнения операций.
- Понятный, доступный на интуитивном уровне интерфейс.
- Доступная и понятная файловая система. Возможность скрытия данных от посторонних глаз, хранения информации на облачных сервисах iCloud.
Сравнение iOS и Android
Обратите внимание! Разработчики постоянно работают над улучшениями имеющейся ОС. Они готовы прислушиваться к пользователям, активно используют обратную связь для общения с ними.
Встроенные функции iOS
Главная черта iOS – огромный набор встроенных опций, к которым относят:
- Touch ID или распознавание отпечатка пальца. Так никто не сможет получить доступ к устройству, кроме его непосредственного владельца.
- Voice Over или голосовой помощник, призванный сделать использование устройства комфортным для людей, имеющим дефекты зрения. Все функции, команды озвучиваются, сопровождаются различными звуковыми сигналами.
- Made for iPhone позволяет подключить наушники, гарнитуру или прочие аппараты к устройству, получить качественный и чистый звук;
- Гид-доступ позволяет самостоятельно отключать те программы и приложения, которые не нужны в повседневной жизни. Такая функция также может использоваться в качестве родительского контроля.
- Полиглот открывает возможность людям со всего мира использовать устройство без проблем. Операционная система способна распознавать свыше 20 различных языков, имеет более 50 различных раскладок клавиатуры – вот что это такое устройство iOS.
Встроенные функции на айфоне
Обратите внимание! Помимо встроенных функций и приложений пользователь может самостоятельно устанавливать расширения и программные комплексы, скачивать их бесплатно из мобильного приложения App Store или на одноименном сайте.
Какие существуют версии iOS и чем они отличаются друг от друга
Платформа iOS поддерживается на iPhone, iPad, iPod. Разработчики и инженеры корпорации Apple беспрерывно работают над усовершенствованием операционной системы. В этой связи они регулярно, обычно ежегодно, выпускают новые версии ОС. Каждая последующая – лучше предыдущей, поскольку в ней исправлены ошибки, неточности, баги. Более новая версия ОС iOS может не поддерживаться на устаревшем устройстве. Например, iOS 10 Не способна работать на айфоне 5 S.
Обратите внимание! Узнать, какая версия системы iOS установлена на устройстве можно в настройках, выбрав пункт «О телефоне».
Итак, на вопрос, что такое iOS в айфоне можно ответить, что это полный набор функций, отвечающих за функционирование устройства. Так какие же есть версии этой операционной системы и чем они отличаются между собой.
iOS 1 – появление iPhone
Первый iPhone стал сенсацией на рынке телефонов. Это был настоящий технический прорыв. Тем не менее, первая операционная система обладала крайне малым набором функций и опций. Можно выделить следующие основные минусы первого девайса от Apple:
- не имел возможности подключения к 3G;
- не мог выполнять одновременно несколько задач;
- не позволял пользователям работать с документами, копировать и вставлять тексты;
- не поддерживал функцию ММС, передачу изображений по электронной почте.
Все недостатки удалось компенсировать уникальным, лаконичным и стильным внешним видом. Поэтому телефон разошелся в короткие сроки огромными партиями. Но разработчики, естественно, не остановились на достигнутом и спустя некоторое время выпустили следующую версию.
Обновление iOS 1
Обновление вышло уже через три месяца после первого официального релиза. Разработчики внесли следующие изменения:
- добавили опцию iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store, которая предназначалась для покупки мультимедийных файлов через мобильное устройство посредством сети Wi-Fi;
- появилась возможность изменения местоположения ярлыков на рабочем столе;
- возможность оставлять на главном экране закладки с Веб-страниц.
Такими быстрыми, но грамотными и качественными изменениями компания указала на свои серьезные побуждения, касающиеся продвижения в данной области.
iOS 2
Следующая версия была презентована в июле 2008 года совместно с новой версией смартфона iPhone 3G. Главные особенности данного обновления:
- появление App Store, вместе с ним возможности скачивать приложения, игры, мультимедиа;
- появление набора инструментов для создания собственного приложения – Software Development Kit;
- ликвидация проблем с быстрой потерей заряда батареи за счет увеличения встроенной памяти.
Обратите внимание! Версия iOS 2 считается наиболее неудачной, поскольку уже за первый месяц использования в форму обратной связи пришло немало писем и обращений с просьбой устранить различные баги.
iOS 3
Была презентована в июне 2009 года вместе с новым устройством iPhone 3G S. Данная ОС не имела принципиальных изменений, но появились некоторые опции:
- работа с текстом;
- удобный поиск файлов, приложений, документов внутри системы;
- запись видео;
- голосовые заметки и напоминания;
- компас;
- новые API для SDK.
Данная версия стала намного лучше предыдущей, тем не менее и для нее нашлась замена.
iOS 4
Вышла в июне 2010 года. Ключевые изменения коснулись следующих пунктов:
- появление многозадачности;
- функция проверки правописания;
- доработка поиска Spotlight;
- разработка Face Time;
- пользовательские папки.
Изменения в операционной системе во многом определялись улучшением самих мобильных устройств. Так, например, Face Time возник после добавления фронтальной камеры, чтобы пользователи могли вести беседы видя друг друга.
iOS 5
Вышла совместно с новой версией телефона iPhone 4 S осенью 2011 года. Теперь пользователям открылись новые возможности:
- голосовой помощник Siri;
- приложение «Погода»;
- iMassage для обмена короткими сообщениями между пользователями устройств Apple;
- создание облачного сервиса iCloud.
Основный минус данной версии – малое время жизни аккумулятора.
iOS 6
Вышла совместно с iPhone 5 осенью 2012 года. Данная версия открыла пользователям новые возможности:
- усовершенствованный голосовой помощник, но недоступный для русских пользователей;
- новые опции галереи;
- функция «не беспокоить» для отключения уведомлений в определенное время;
- оптимизация Face Time.
На смену пришла новая версия.
iOS 7
Вышла осенью 2013 года, предлагая следующее:
- изменение внешнего вида: шрифты, ярлыки, интерфейс;
- разработан аналог диспетчера задач – Control Center;
- обновлен браузер Safari;
- включена опция передачи данных между пользователями продуктами Apple – AirDrop;
- улучшен интерфейс камеры.
Данная версия стала настоящим прорывом. В то время лидером на рынке были телефоны на базе Android и мало кто знал, что это такое айос, но после выхода седьмой версии именно она заняла первое место. С данного момента развитие корпорации пошло семимильными шагами. Каждая новая версия поражала пользователей, побуждая их скупать все устройства Apple. К настоящему времени к выходу готовится уже 14 версия.
iOS 14
Дата выхода запланирована на конец сентября 2020 года. Чего ждать пользователям:
- поддержка 5G;
- поддержка очков Apple AR;
- обновленные иконки;
- режим многозадачности;
- возможность работать с двумя окнами.
Полный перечень компания Apple пока не выпустила, поэтому пользователям остается лишь догадываться и отправлять обращения в форму обратной связи.
Сравнение версий iOS
Преимущества и недостатки iOS для iPhone
Почему iPhone так популярен? Объясняется это рядом плюсов, к которым относят:
- Возможность установки бесплатных приложений и расширений.
- Постоянная техническая поддержка, развитие программного обеспечения.
- Лаконичный дизайн, удобный и понятный интерфейс.
- Высокое качество продукции.
Преимущества и недостатки iOS
Вместе с тем имеются и недостатки. Прежде всего, это высокая стоимость девайсов, которая во много раз превышает стандартную цену на устройства. Пользователи также отмечают другие неисправности и баги, но, как показывает практика, они исправляются в новых версиях iOS.
Источник
Обзор iOS: история создания, характеристики, плюсы/минусы
iOS — что такое, часто можно услышать данный вопрос от неопытных пользователей. iOS считается одной из самых известных и качественных операционных систем. Она подходит для различных гаджетов от фирмы Apple и устанавливается только на «яблочные» девайсы. Важным фактором является то, что эта система не подходит для работы на других устройствах. Подробнее об этой системе мы расскажем в данной статье.
История создания и развития iOS
История создания операционной системы iOS началось с того, что создатель компании Apple Стив Джобс решил воплотить в жизнь идею о реализации сенсорного экрана для компьютера. В будущем, когда уже разработали прототип, Стив решил, что будет лучше применить эту технологию на сотовом телефоне. В то время в компании ни о каких сотовых никто никогда не думал, так как это происходило в 2005 году.
Apple участвовала в разработке Motorola ROKR, этот мобильный был презентован в то же время. Телефон презентовали еще и как плеер, внешний вид которого был похож на плеер от Apple. Также мобильный телефон работал с iTunes .
В том же году Стив решил сотрудничать с компанией CingulLar. Он заявил, что его компания вскоре презентует свой телефон. Кроме тесного сотрудничества компании ничего известно не было. А спустя два года компания презентовала iPhone 1-го поколения. Теперь невозможно представить жизнь многих людей без операционной системы iOS.
iPhone уже тогда работал только на операционной системе iOS. Однако такое наименование операционная система получила не сразу.
Пользовательский интерфейс операционной системы iOS основывался на концепции тесного взаимодействия с применением жестов «мультитач».
Плюсы и минусы операционной системы iOS
Достоинства iOS
К плюсам этой системы относят:
- Самый большой магазин с очень качественными приложениями. Ассортимент постоянно пополняется.
- Нет проблем с работой системы.
- Нет никаких нареканий по качеству девайсов от компании Apple
- Мгновенный ответ на ошибки.
- У системы нет вирусов.
- Очень удобный и стильный интерфейс и яркая графика.
- Всегда выходят обновления системы для всех устройств.
Недостатки системы iOS
У такой операционной системы существует немало минусов. К ним относятся:
- Многозадачность, можно сказать, отсутствует — в фоновом режиме может работать только музыка, загрузка и скачивание. Однако даже не в каждом приложении. Когда приложение будет свернуто, оно проработает недолго, а затем и вовсе прекратит работу.
- Почему iOS закрытая система? На таких устройствах нельзя открыть перечень файлов операционной системы. Также нельзя пользоваться флешкой. Однако этот фактор можно отнести и к положительным сторонам такой системы. iOS — самая безопасная система во всем мире.
- Девайсы на такой операционной системы очень дорого стоят.
- Операционная система ios для компьютера совершенно не подходит. Операционная система Apple для ПК — это macOS.
Эта операционная система очень часто критикуется и далеко не все от нее в восторге. И на это есть особые причины. iOS является закрытой платформой. На первый взгляд, в этом нет ничего плохого, ведь правильно настроенная система дает гарантию высокой скорости работы, отзыва и отсутствия трудностей и неполадок с запуском приложений. А вот если посмотреть с другой стороны, то у пользователя не получится настроить гаджет «для себя».
Существует немало различных трудностей. К примеру, сразу после создания этой операционной системы пользователи не могли отправлять несколько видов файлов по электронной почте – требовалось создавать для каждого файла отдельное письмо. Также нет возможности установить на гаджет какой-либо софт или программу не из специального магазина приложений от Apple . Для многих пользователей iOS это очень неудобно.
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Источник
 |
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Apple Park, the company’s headquarters in Cupertino, California within Silicon Valley |
|
| Formerly |
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|---|---|
| Type | Public |
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Traded as |
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| ISIN | US0378331005 |
| Industry |
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| Founded | April 1, 1976; 46 years ago in Los Altos, California, U.S. |
| Founders |
Mike Markkula |
| Headquarters | 1 Apple Park Way,
Cupertino, California , U.S. |
|
Number of locations |
522 retail stores (2022) |
|
Area served |
Worldwide |
|
Key people |
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| Products |
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| Services |
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| Revenue |  US$394.33 billion (2022) |
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Operating income |
US$119.44 billion (2022) |
|
Net income |
US$99.80 billion (2022) |
| Total assets | US$352.76 billion (2022) |
| Total equity |  US$50.67 billion (2022) |
|
Number of employees |
164,000 (2022) |
| Subsidiaries |
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| Website | www.apple.com  |
| Footnotes / references [1][2][3][4][5] |
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue (totaling US$394.3 billion in 2022).[6] As of March 2023, Apple is the world’s biggest company by market capitalization.[7] As of June 2022, Apple is the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales and second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (known for Google), Amazon, Meta (known for Facebook), and Microsoft.
Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak’s Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977. The company’s second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company developed computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces, including the 1984 original Macintosh, announced that year in a critically acclaimed advertisement. By 1985, the high cost of its products, and power struggles between executives, caused problems. Wozniak stepped back from Apple amicably and pursued other ventures, while Jobs resigned bitterly and founded NeXT, taking some Apple employees with him.
As the market for personal computers expanded and evolved throughout the 1990s, Apple lost considerable market share to the lower-priced duopoly of the Microsoft Windows operating system on Intel-powered PC clones (also known as «Wintel»). In 1997, weeks away from bankruptcy, the company bought NeXT to resolve Apple’s unsuccessful operating system strategy and entice Jobs back to the company. Over the next decade, Jobs guided Apple back to profitability through a number of tactics including introducing the iMac, iPod, iPhone and iPad to critical acclaim, launching the «Think different» campaign and other memorable advertising campaigns, opening the Apple Store retail chain, and acquiring numerous companies to broaden the company’s product portfolio. When Jobs resigned in 2011 for health reasons, and died two months later, he was succeeded as CEO by Tim Cook.
Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to be valued at over $1 trillion in August 2018, then $2 trillion in August 2020, and $3 trillion in January 2022. As of January 2023, it was valued at around $2.2 trillion. The company receives criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors, its environmental practices, and its business ethics, including anti-competitive practices and materials sourcing. Nevertheless, the company has a large following and enjoys a high level of brand loyalty. It is ranked as one of the world’s most valuable brands.
History
1976–1980: Founding and incorporation
In 1976, Steve Jobs co-founded Apple in his parents’ home on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California.[8] Although it is widely believed that the company was founded in the house’s garage, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak called it «a bit of a myth».[9] Jobs and Wozniak did, however, move some operations to the garage when the bedroom became too crowded.[10]
Apple’s first product, the Apple I, designed by Steve Wozniak, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and wooden case.
The Apple II Plus, introduced in 1979, designed primarily by Wozniak.
Apple Computer Company was founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne as a partnership.[8][11] The company’s first product was the Apple I, a computer designed and hand-built entirely by Wozniak.[12] To finance its creation, Jobs sold his Volkswagen Bus, and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator.[13]: 57 [a] Wozniak debuted the first prototype Apple I at the Homebrew Computer Club in July 1976.[14] The Apple I was sold as a motherboard with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips—a base kit concept which would not yet be marketed as a complete personal computer.[15] It went on sale soon after debut for US$666.66 (equivalent to $3,175 in 2021).[16][17]: 180 Wozniak later said he was unaware of the coincidental mark of the beast in the number 666, and that he came up with the price because he liked «repeating digits».[18]
Apple Computer, Inc. was incorporated on January 3, 1977,[19][20] without Wayne, who had left and sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800 only twelve days after having co-founded Apple.[21] Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of US$250,000 (equivalent to $1,117,930 in 2021) to Jobs and Wozniak during the incorporation of Apple.[22] During the first five years of operations, revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980, yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118 million, an average annual growth rate of 533%.[23]
The Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16, 1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire.[24] It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics and open architecture. While the Apple I and early Apple II models used ordinary audio cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5+1⁄4-inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II in 1978.[25][26]
The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the first «killer application» of the business world: VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program released in 1979.[25] VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II: compatibility with the office.[25] Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore and Tandy.[27] By the end of the 1970s, Apple had become the leading computer manufacturer in the United States.[28]
On December 12, 1980, Apple (ticker symbol «AAPL») went public selling 4.6 million shares at $22 per share ($.10 per share when adjusting for stock splits as of September 3, 2022),[20] generating over $100 million, which was more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956.[29] By the end of the day, 300 millionaires were created, from a stock price of $29 per share[30] and a market cap of $1.778 billion.[29][30]
1980–1990: Success with Macintosh
The Macintosh, released in 1984, is the first mass-market personal computer to feature an integral graphical user interface and mouse.
A critical moment in the company’s history came in December 1979 when Jobs and several Apple employees, including human–computer interface expert Jef Raskin, visited Xerox PARC in to see a demonstration of the Xerox Alto, a computer using a graphical user interface. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000[31] shares (22.4 million split-adjusted shares as of September 3, 2022)[20] of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share.[32] After the demonstration, Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface, and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa, named after Jobs’s daughter.[33]
The Lisa division would be plagued by infighting, and in 1982 Jobs was pushed off the project. The Lisa launched in 1983 and became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure due to its high price and limited software titles.[34]
Jobs, angered by being pushed off the Lisa team, took over the company’s Macintosh division. Wozniak and Raskin had envisioned the Macintosh as a low-cost computer with a text-based interface like the Apple II, but a plane crash in 1981 forced Wozniak to step back from the project. Jobs quickly redefined the Macintosh as a graphical system that would be cheaper than the Lisa, undercutting his former division.[35] Jobs was also hostile to the Apple II division, which at the time, generated most of the company’s revenue.[36]
In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh, the first personal computer to be sold without a programming language.[37] Its debut was signified by «1984», a $1.5 million television advertisement directed by Ridley Scott that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984.[38] This is now hailed as a watershed event for Apple’s success[39] and was called a «masterpiece» by CNN[40] and one of the greatest TV advertisements of all time by TV Guide.[41]
The advertisement created great interest in the original Macintosh, and sales were initially good, but began to taper off dramatically after the first three months as reviews started to come in. Jobs had made the decision to equip the original Macintosh with 128 kilobytes of RAM, attempting to reach a US$1,000 (equivalent to $2,608 in 2021) price point, which limited its speed and the software that could be used. The Macintosh would eventually ship for US$2,495 (equivalent to $6,508 in 2021), a price panned by critics in light of its slow performance.[42]: 195 In early 1985, this sales slump triggered a power struggle between Steve Jobs and CEO John Sculley, who had been hired away from Pepsi two years earlier by Jobs[43] saying, «Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life or come with me and change the world?»[44] Sculley decided to remove Jobs as the head of the Macintosh division, with unanimous support from the Apple board of directors.[45]
The board of directors instructed Sculley to contain Jobs and his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to Sculley’s direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple.[46] Informed by Jean-Louis Gassée, Sculley found out that Jobs had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup and called an emergency meeting at which Apple’s executive staff sided with Sculley and stripped Jobs of all operational duties.[46] Jobs resigned from Apple in September 1985 and took a number of Apple employees with him to found NeXT.[47] Wozniak had also quit his active employment at Apple earlier in 1985 to pursue other ventures, expressing his frustration with Apple’s treatment of the Apple II division and stating that the company had «been going in the wrong direction for the last five years.»[36][48][49] Despite Wozniak’s grievances, he officially remained employed by Apple, and to this day continues to work for the company as a representative,[48] receiving a stipend estimated to be $120,000 per year for this role.[17] Both Jobs and Wozniak remained Apple shareholders after their departures.[50]
After the departures of Jobs and Wozniak, Sculley worked to improve the Macintosh in 1985 by quadrupling the RAM and introducing the LaserWriter, the first reasonably priced PostScript laser printer. PageMaker, an early desktop publishing application taking advantage of the PostScript language, was also released by Aldus Corporation in July 1985.[51] It has been suggested that the combination of Macintosh, LaserWriter and PageMaker was responsible for the creation of the desktop publishing market.[52]
This dominant position in the desktop publishing market[53] allowed the company to focus on higher price points, the so-called «high-right policy» named for the position on a chart of price vs. profits. Newer models selling at higher price points offered higher profit margin, and appeared to have no effect on total sales as power users snapped up every increase in speed. Although some worried about pricing themselves out of the market, the high-right policy was in full force by the mid-1980s, notably due to Jean-Louis Gassée’s mantra of «fifty-five or die», referring to the 55% profit margins of the Macintosh II.[54]: 79–80
This policy began to backfire in the last years of the decade as desktop publishing programs appeared on PC clones that offered some or much of the same functionality of the Macintosh, but at far lower price points. The company lost its dominant position in the desktop publishing market and estranged many of its original consumer customer base who could no longer afford their high-priced products. The Christmas season of 1989 was the first in the company’s history to have declining sales, which led to a 20% drop in Apple’s stock price.[54]: 117–129 During this period, the relationship between Sculley and Gassée deteriorated, leading Sculley to effectively demote Gassée in January 1990 by appointing Michael Spindler as the chief operating officer.[55] Gassée left the company later that year.[56]
1990–1997: Decline and restructuring
The company pivoted strategy and in October 1990 introduced three lower-cost models, the Macintosh Classic, the Macintosh LC, and the Macintosh IIsi, all of which saw significant sales due to pent-up demand.[57] In 1991, Apple introduced the hugely successful PowerBook with a design that set the current shape for almost all modern laptops. The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the Macintosh operating system, adding color to the interface and introducing new networking capabilities.
The success of the lower-cost Macs and PowerBook brought increasing revenue.[58] For some time, Apple was doing incredibly well, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The magazine MacAddict named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the «first golden age» of the Macintosh.[59]
The PenLite is Apple’s first prototype of a tablet computer. Created in 1992, the project was designed to bring the Mac OS to a tablet – but was canceled in favor of the Newton.[60]
The success of Apple’s lower-cost consumer models, especially the LC, also led to the cannibalization of their higher-priced machines. To address this, management introduced several new brands, selling largely identical machines at different price points, aimed at different markets: the high-end Quadra models, the mid-range Centris line, and the consumer-marketed Performa series. This led to significant market confusion, as customers did not understand the difference between models.[61]
The early 1990s also saw the discontinuation of the Apple II series, which was expensive to produce, and the company felt was still taking sales away from lower-cost Macintosh models. After the launch of the LC, Apple began encouraging developers to create applications for Macintosh rather than Apple II, and authorized salespersons to direct consumers towards Macintosh and away from Apple II.[62] The Apple IIe was discontinued in 1993.[63]
Throughout this period, Microsoft continued to gain market share with its Windows graphical user interface that it sold to manufacturers of generally less expensive PC clones. While the Macintosh was more expensive, it offered a more tightly integrated user experience, but the company struggled to make the case to consumers.
Apple also experimented with a number of other unsuccessful consumer targeted products during the 1990s, including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video game consoles, the eWorld online service, and TV appliances. Most notably, enormous resources were invested in the problem-plagued Newton tablet division, based on John Sculley’s unrealistic market forecasts.[64]
Throughout this period, Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows by focusing on delivering software to inexpensive personal computers, while Apple was delivering a richly engineered but expensive experience.[65] Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response; instead, they sued Microsoft for using a GUI similar to the Apple Lisa in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.[66] The lawsuit dragged on for years before it was finally dismissed.
The major product flops and the rapid loss of market share to Windows sullied Apple’s reputation, and in 1993 Sculley was replaced as CEO by Michael Spindler.[67]
With Spindler at the helm, Apple, IBM, and Motorola formed the AIM alliance in 1994 with the goal of creating a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform; PReP), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple software. The AIM alliance hoped that PReP’s performance and Apple’s software would leave the PC far behind and thus counter the dominance of Windows. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use Motorola’s PowerPC processor.[68]
In the wake of the alliance, Apple opened up to the idea of allowing Motorola and other companies to build Macintosh clones. Over the next two years, 75 distinct Macintosh clone models were introduced. However, by 1996, Apple executives were worried that the clones were cannibalizing sales of their own high-end computers, where profit margins were highest.[69]
In 1996, Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Hired for his reputation as a corporate rehabilitator, Amelio made deep changes, including extensive layoffs and cost-cutting.[70]
This period was also marked by numerous failed attempts to modernize the Macintosh operating system (MacOS). The original Macintosh operating system (System 1) was not built for multitasking (running several applications at once). The company attempted to correct this with by introducing cooperative multitasking in System 5, but the company still felt it needed a more modern approach.[71] This led to the Pink project in 1988, A/UX that same year, Copland in 1994, and the attempted purchase of BeOS in 1996. Talks with Be stalled when the CEO, former Apple executive Jean-Louis Gassée, demanded $300 million instead of the $125 million Apple wanted to pay.[72]
Only weeks away from bankruptcy,[73] Apple’s board decided NeXTSTEP was a better choice for its next operating system and purchased NeXT in late 1996 for $400 million, bringing back Apple co-founder Steve Jobs.[74]
1997–2007: Return to profitability
The NeXT acquisition was finalized on February 9, 1997,[75] and the board brought Jobs back to Apple as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Jobs staged a boardroom coup that resulted in Amelio’s resignation after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses.
The board named Jobs as interim CEO and he immediately began a review of the company’s products. Jobs would order 70% of the company’s products to be cancelled, resulting in the loss of 3,000 jobs, and taking Apple back to the core of its computer offerings.[76] The next month, in August 1997, Steve Jobs convinced Microsoft to make a $150 million investment in Apple and a commitment to continue developing software for the Mac.[77] The investment was seen as an «antitrust insurance policy» for Microsoft who had recently settled with the Department of Justice over anti-competitive practices.[78] Jobs also ended the Mac clone deals and in September 1997, purchased the largest clone maker, Power Computing.[79] On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store website, which was tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing that had been successfully used by PC manufacturer Dell.[80]
The moves paid off for Jobs, at the end of his first year as CEO, the company turned a $309 million profit.[76]
iMac
iBook
Power Macintosh G3
PowerBook G3
On May 6, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the original Macintosh: the iMac. The iMac was a huge success for Apple selling 800,000 units in its first five months[81] and ushered in major shifts in the industry by abandoning legacy technologies like the 3+1⁄2-inch diskette, being an early adopter of the USB connector, and coming pre-installed with internet connectivity (the «i» in iMac)[82] via Ethernet and a dial-up modem. The device also had a striking teardrop shape and translucent materials, designed by Jonathan Ive, who although hired by Amelio, would go on to work collaboratively with Jobs for the next decade to chart a new course the design of Apple’s products.[83][84]
A little more than a year later on July 21, 1999, Apple introduced the iBook, a laptop for consumers. It was the culmination of a strategy established by Jobs to produce only four products: refined versions of the Power Macintosh G3 desktop and PowerBook G3 laptop for professionals, along with the iMac desktop and iBook laptop for consumers. Jobs felt the small product line allowed for a greater focus on quality and innovation.[85]
At around the same time, Apple also completed numerous acquisitions to create a portfolio of digital media production software for both professionals and consumers. Apple acquired of Macromedia’s Key Grip digital video editing software project which was renamed Final Cut Pro when it was launched on the retail market in April 1999.[86] The development of Key Grip also led to Apple’s release of the consumer video-editing product iMovie in October 1999.[87] Next, Apple successfully acquired the German company Astarte in April 2000, which had developed the DVD authoring software DVDirector, which Apple would sell as the professional-oriented DVD Studio Pro software product, and used the same technology to create iDVD for the consumer market.[87] In 2000, Apple purchased the SoundJam MP audio player software from Casady & Greene. Apple renamed the program iTunes, while simplifying the user interface and adding the ability to burn CDs.[88]
2001 would be a pivotal year for the Apple with the company making three announcements that would change the course of the company.
The first announcement came on March 24, 2001, that Apple was nearly ready to release a new modern operating system, Mac OS X. The announcement came after numerous failed attempts in the early 1990s, and several years of development. Mac OS X was based on NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, and BSD Unix, with Apple aiming to combine the stability, reliability, and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface, heavily influenced by NeXTSTEP. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications within Mac OS X via the Classic Environment.[89]
In May 2001, the company opened its first two Apple Store retail locations in Virginia and California,[90][91] offering an improved presentation of the company’s products.[92] At the time, many speculated that the stores would fail,[93] but they went on to become highly successful, and the first of more than 500 stores around the world.[94]
On October 23, 2001, Apple debuted the iPod portable digital audio player. The product, which was first sold on November 10, 2001, was phenomenally successful with over 100 million units sold within six years.[95]
In 2003, Apple’s iTunes Store was introduced. The service offered music downloads for 99¢ a song and integration with the iPod. The iTunes Store quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over five billion downloads by June 19, 2008.[96] Two years later, the iTunes Store was the world’s largest music retailer.[97]
In 2002, Apple purchased Nothing Real for their advanced digital compositing application Shake,[98] as well as Emagic for the music productivity application Logic. The purchase of Emagic made Apple the first computer manufacturer to own a music software company. The acquisition was followed by the development of Apple’s consumer-level GarageBand application.[99] The release of iPhoto in the same year completed the iLife suite.[100]
The MacBook Pro, Apple’s first laptop with an Intel microprocessor, introduced in 2006
At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Jobs announced that Apple would move away from PowerPC processors, and the Mac would transition to Intel processors in 2006.[101] On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to use Intel’s Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006, Apple made the transition to Intel chips for the entire Mac product line—over one year sooner than announced.[101] The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition; the Mac Pro, MacBook, and MacBook Pro became their respective successors.[102] On April 29, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was building its own team of engineers to design microchips.[103] Apple also introduced Boot Camp in 2006 to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.[104]
Apple’s success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple’s stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80.[105] When Apple surpassed Dell’s market cap in January 2006,[106] Jobs sent an email to Apple employees saying Dell’s CEO Michael Dell should eat his words.[107] Nine years prior, Dell had said that if he ran Apple he would «shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders».[108]
2007–2011: Success with mobile devices
During his keynote speech at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would thereafter be known as «Apple Inc.», because the company had shifted its emphasis from computers to consumer electronics.[109] This event also saw the announcement of the iPhone[110] and the Apple TV.[111] The company sold 270,000 iPhone units during the first 30 hours of sales,[112] and the device was called «a game changer for the industry».[113]
In an article posted on Apple’s website on February 6, 2007, Jobs wrote that Apple would be willing to sell music on the iTunes Store without digital rights management (DRM), thereby allowing tracks to be played on third-party players, if record labels would agree to drop the technology.[114] On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI’s catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May 2007.[115] Other record labels eventually followed suit and Apple published a press release in January 2009 to announce that all songs on the iTunes Store are available without their FairPlay DRM.[116]
In July 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch.[117] Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and registered an average daily revenue of $1 million, with Jobs speculating in August 2008 that the App Store could become a billion-dollar business for Apple.[118] By October 2008, Apple was the third-largest mobile handset supplier in the world due to the popularity of the iPhone.[119]
On January 14, 2009, Jobs announced in an internal memo that he would be taking a six-month medical leave of absence from Apple until the end of June 2009 and would spend the time focusing on his health. In the email, Jobs stated that «the curiosity over my personal health continues to be a distraction not only for me and my family, but everyone else at Apple as well», and explained that the break would allow the company «to focus on delivering extraordinary products».[120] Though Jobs was absent, Apple recorded its best non-holiday quarter (Q1 FY 2009) during the recession with revenue of $8.16 billion and profit of $1.21 billion.[121]
After years of speculation and multiple rumored «leaks», Apple unveiled a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the iPad on January 27, 2010. The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone, and all iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch, though having very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the U.S. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week.[122] In May of the same year, Apple’s market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989.[123]
In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4,[124] which introduced video calling using FaceTime, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone’s antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch with FaceTime, and an iPod Shuffle that brought back the clickwheel buttons of earlier generations.[125] It also introduced the smaller, cheaper second generation Apple TV which allowed renting of movies and shows.[126]
On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence for an indefinite period to allow him to focus on his health. Chief operating officer Tim Cook assumed Jobs’s day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain «involved in major strategic decisions».[127] Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world.[128] In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled iCloud, an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files, and software which replaced MobileMe, Apple’s previous attempt at content syncing.[129] This would be the last product launch Jobs would attend before his death.
On August 24, 2011, Jobs resigned his position as CEO of Apple.[130] He was replaced by Cook and Jobs became Apple’s chairman. Apple did not have a chairman at the time[131] and instead had two co-lead directors, Andrea Jung and Arthur D. Levinson,[132] who continued with those titles until Levinson replaced Jobs as chairman of the board in November after Jobs’ death.[133]
2011–present: Post-Jobs era, Cook’s leadership
On October 5, 2011, Steve Jobs died, marking the end of an era for Apple.[134] The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs’s passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple’s Phil Schiller introduced iBook’s Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City.[135] Jobs stated in the biography «Jobs» that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education.[136]
From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the iPhone 4S[137] and iPhone 5,[138] which featured improved cameras, an intelligent software assistant named Siri, and cloud-synced data with iCloud; the third- and fourth-generation iPads, which featured Retina displays;[139][140] and the iPad Mini, which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad’s 9.7-inch screen.[141] These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple’s biggest iPhone launch with over two million pre-orders[142] and sales of three million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth-generation iPad (released November 3, 2012).[143] Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch MacBook Pro with a Retina display and new iMac and Mac Mini computers.[140][141][144]
On August 20, 2012, Apple’s rising stock price increased the company’s market capitalization to a then-record $624 billion. This beat the non-inflation-adjusted record for market capitalization previously set by Microsoft in 1999.[145] On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an intellectual property lawsuit.[146] Samsung appealed the damages award, which was reduced by $450 million[147] and further granted Samsung’s request for a new trial.[147] On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that dismissed all existing lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies.[148] It is predicted that Apple will make $280 million a year from this deal with HTC.[149]
In May 2014, the company confirmed its intent to acquire Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine’s audio company Beats Electronics—producer of the «Beats by Dr. Dre» line of headphones and speaker products, and operator of the music streaming service Beats Music—for $3 billion, and to sell their products through Apple’s retail outlets and resellers. Iovine believed that Beats had always «belonged» with Apple, as the company modeled itself after Apple’s «unmatched ability to marry culture and technology.» The acquisition was the largest purchase in Apple’s history.[150]
During a press event on September 9, 2014, Apple introduced a smartwatch, the Apple Watch.[151] Initially, Apple marketed the device as a fashion accessory[152] and a complement to the iPhone, that would allow people to look at their smartphones less.[153] Over time, the company has focused on developing health and fitness-oriented features on the watch, in an effort to compete with dedicated activity trackers.
In January 2016, it was announced that one billion Apple devices were in active use worldwide.[154]
On June 6, 2016, Fortune released Fortune 500, their list of companies ranked on revenue generation. In the trailing fiscal year (2015), Apple appeared on the list as the top tech company.[155] It ranked third, overall, with $233 billion in revenue.[155] This represents a movement upward of two spots from the previous year’s list.[155]
In June 2017, Apple announced the HomePod, its smart speaker aimed to compete against Sonos, Google Home, and Amazon Echo.[156] Towards the end of the year, TechCrunch reported that Apple was acquiring Shazam, a company that introduced its products at WWDC and specializing in music, TV, film and advertising recognition.[157] The acquisition was confirmed a few days later, reportedly costing Apple $400 million, with media reports noting that the purchase looked like a move to acquire data and tools bolstering the Apple Music streaming service.[158] The purchase was approved by the European Union in September 2018.[159]
Also in June 2017, Apple appointed Jamie Erlicht and Zack Van Amburg to head the newly formed worldwide video unit. In November 2017, Apple announced it was branching out into original scripted programming: a drama series starring Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon, and a reboot of the anthology series Amazing Stories with Steven Spielberg.[160] In June 2018, Apple signed the Writers Guild of America’s minimum basic agreement and Oprah Winfrey to a multi-year content partnership.[161] Additional partnerships for original series include Sesame Workshop and DHX Media and its subsidiary Peanuts Worldwide, as well as a partnership with A24 to create original films.[162]
During the Apple Special Event in September 2017, the AirPower wireless charger was announced alongside the iPhone X, 8 and Watch Series 3. The AirPower was intended to wirelessly charge multiple devices, simultaneously. Though initially set to release in early 2018, the AirPower would be canceled in March 2019, marking the first cancellation of a device under Cook’s leadership.[163]
On August 19, 2020, Apple’s share price briefly topped $467.77, making Apple the first US company with a market capitalization of $2 trillion.[164]
During its annual WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020, Apple announced it would move away from Intel processors, and the Mac would transition to processors developed in-house.[165] The announcement was expected by industry analysts, and it has been noted that Macs featuring Apple’s processors would allow for big increases in performance over current Intel-based models.[166] On November 10, 2020, the MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the Mac Mini became the first Mac devices powered by an Apple-designed processor, the Apple M1.[167]
In April 2022, it was reported that Samsung Electro-Mechanics would be collaborating with Apple on its M2 chip instead of LG Innotek.[168] Developer logs showed that at least nine Mac models with four different M2 chips were being tested.[169]
The Wall Street Journal reported that an effort to develop its own chips left Apple better prepared to deal with the semiconductor shortage that emerged during the pandemic era and led to increased profitability, with sales of Mac computers that included M1 chips rising sharply in 2020 and 2021. It also inspired other companies like Tesla, Amazon, and Meta Platforms to pursue a similar path.[170]
In April 2022, Apple opened an online store that allowed anyone in the US to view repair manuals and order replacement parts for specific recent iPhones, although the difference in cost between this method and official repair is anticipated to be minimal.[171]
In May 2022, a trademark was filed for RealityOS, an operating system reportedly intended for virtual and augmented reality headsets, first mentioned in 2017. According to Bloomberg, the headset may come out in 2023.[172] Further insider reports state that the device uses iris scanning for payment confirmation and signing into accounts.[173]
On June 18, 2022, the Apple Store in Towson, Maryland became the first to unionize in the U.S., with the employees voting to join the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.[174]
On July 7, 2022, Apple added Lockdown Mode to macOS 13 and iOS 16, as a response to the earlier Pegasus revelations; the mode increases security protections for high-risk users against targeted zero-day malware.[175]
Products
Mac
MacBook Air with M2 chip
iMac with M1 chip
The Mac is Apple’s family of personal computers. Macs are known for their ease of use[176] and distinctive aluminium, minimalist designs. Macs have been popular among students, creative professionals, and software engineers. The current lineup consists of the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the iMac, Mac mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro desktop computers. All Macs except the Mac Pro use Apple silicon chips.
Macs run the macOS operating system, and include the Safari web browser, iMovie for home movie editing, GarageBand for music creation, and the iWork productivity suite. Apple also makes pro apps: Final Cut Pro for video production, Logic Pro for musicians and producers, and Xcode for software developers.
Apple also sells a variety of accessories for Macs, including the Pro Display XDR, Apple Studio Display, Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad, and Magic Keyboard.
iPhone
The iPhone is Apple’s line of smartphones, which run the iOS operating system. The first iPhone was unveiled by Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, new models have been released annually. When it was introduced, its multi-touch screen was described as «revolutionary» and a «game-changer» for the mobile phone industry. The device has been credited with creating the app economy.
As of 2022, the iPhone has 15% market share, yet represents 50% of global smartphone revenues, with Android phones accounting for the rest.[177][178] The iPhone has generated large profits for the company, and is credited with helping to make Apple one of the world’s most valuable publicly traded companies.[179]
The most recent iPhones are the iPhone 14, iPhone 14 Plus, iPhone 14 Pro and iPhone 14 Pro Max.
iPad
Main article: iPad
The iPad is Apple’s line of tablets which run iPadOS. The first-generation iPad was announced on January 27, 2010. The iPad is mainly marketed for consuming multimedia, creating art, working on documents, videoconferencing, and playing games. The iPad lineup consists of several base iPad models, and the smaller iPad Mini, upgraded iPad Air, and high-end iPad Pro. Apple has consistently improved the iPad’s performance, with the iPad Pro adopting the same M1 and M2 chips as the Mac; but the iPad still receives criticism for its limited OS.[180][181]
As of September 2020, Apple has sold more than 500 million iPads, though sales peaked in 2013.[182] The iPad still remains the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2020,[183] and accounted for nine percent of the company’s revenue as of the end of 2021.[1]
Apple sells several iPad accessories, including the Apple Pencil, Smart Keyboard, Smart Keyboard Folio, Magic Keyboard, and several adapters.
Other products
Apple also makes several other products that it categorizes as «Wearables, Home and Accessories».[184] These products include the AirPods line of wireless headphones, Apple TV digital media players, Apple Watch smartwatches, Beats headphones and HomePod Mini smart speakers.
As of the end of 2021, this broad line of products comprises about 11% of the company’s revenues.[1]
Services
Apple also offers a broad line of services that it earns revenue on, including advertising in the App Store and Apple News app, the AppleCare+ extended warranty plan, the iCloud+ cloud-based data storage service, payment services through the Apple Card credit card and the Apple Pay processing platform, a digital content services including Apple Books, Apple Fitness+, Apple Music, Apple News+, Apple TV+, and the iTunes Store.
As of the end of 2021, services comprise about 19% of the company’s revenue.[1] Many of the services have been launched since 2019 when Apple announced it would be making a concerted effort to expand its service revenues.[185]
Marketing
Branding
The first official logo of Apple Inc. (1977–1998)[186]
According to Steve Jobs, the company’s name was inspired by his visit to an apple farm while on a fruitarian diet. Jobs thought the name «Apple» was «fun, spirited and not intimidating.»[187] Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were fans of the Beatles,[188] but Apple Inc. had name and logo trademark issues with Apple Corps Ltd., a multimedia company started by the Beatles in 1968. This resulted in a series of lawsuits and tension between the two companies. These issues ended with the settling of their lawsuit in 2007.[189]
Apple’s first logo, designed by Ron Wayne, depicts Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. It was almost immediately replaced by Rob Janoff’s «rainbow Apple», the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it.[190] On August 27, 1999,[191] Apple officially dropped the rainbow scheme and began to use monochromatic logos nearly identical in shape to the previous rainbow incarnation.[192]
Apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company at one time, but this was after the phenomenon had already been firmly established. Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki has called the brand fanaticism «something that was stumbled upon,»[193] while Ive claimed in 2014 that «people have an incredibly personal relationship» with Apple’s products.[83]
Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012.[194] On September 30, 2013, Apple surpassed Coca-Cola to become the world’s most valuable brand in the Omnicom Group’s «Best Global Brands» report.[195] Boston Consulting Group has ranked Apple as the world’s most innovative brand every year since 2005.[196]
As of January 2021, there are 1.65 billion Apple products in active use.[197]
Advertising
Apple’s first slogan, «Byte into an Apple», was coined in the late 1970s.[198] From 1997 to 2002, the slogan «Think different» was used in advertising campaigns, and is still closely associated with Apple.[199] Apple also has slogans for specific product lines—for example, «iThink, therefore iMac» was used in 1998 to promote the iMac,[200] and «Say hello to iPhone» has been used in iPhone advertisements.[201] «Hello» was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, Newton, iMac («hello (again)»), and iPod.[202]
From the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, with the 1984 Super Bowl advertisement to the more modern Get a Mac adverts, Apple has been recognized for its efforts towards effective advertising and marketing for its products. However, claims made by later campaigns were criticized,[203] particularly the 2005 Power Mac ads.[204] Apple’s product advertisements gained a lot of attention as a result of their eye-popping graphics and catchy tunes.[205] Musicians who benefited from an improved profile as a result of their songs being included on Apple advertisements include Canadian singer Feist with the song «1234» and Yael Naïm with the song «New Soul».[205]
Stores
The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then-CEO Steve Jobs,[90] after years of attempting but failing store-within-a-store concepts.[92] Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company’s products, he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship to consumers, and hired Ron Johnson in 2000.[92] Jobs relaunched Apple’s online store in 1997,[206] and opened the first two physical stores in 2001.[90] The media initially speculated that Apple would fail,[93] but its stores were highly successful, bypassing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and within three years reached US$1 billion in annual sales, becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so.[93]
Over the years, Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage, with 499 stores across 22 countries worldwide as of December 2017.[94] Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top-tier retail stores, with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011.[207] Apple Stores underwent a period of significant redesign, beginning in May 2016. This redesign included physical changes to the Apple Stores, such as open spaces and re-branded rooms, as well as changes in function to facilitate interaction between consumers and professionals.[208]
Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has built several stand-alone «flagship» stores in high-profile locations.[92] It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores’ designs and construction, specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes.[209] The success of Apple Stores have had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers, who have lost traffic, control and profits due to a perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores.[210] Due to the popularity of the brand, Apple receives a large number of job applications, many of which come from young workers.[207] Although Apple Store employees receive above-average pay, are offered money toward education and health care, and receive product discounts,[207] there are limited or no paths of career advancement.[207]
Market power
On March 16, 2020, France fined Apple €1.1 billion for colluding with two wholesalers to stifle competition and keep prices high by handicapping independent resellers. The arrangement created aligned prices for Apple products such as iPads and personal computers for about half the French retail market. According to the French regulators, the abuses occurred between 2005 and 2017 but were first discovered after a complaint by an independent reseller, eBizcuss, in 2012.[211]
On August 13, 2020, Epic Games, the maker of the popular game Fortnite, sued Apple and Google after its hugely popular video game was removed from Apple and Google’s App Store. The suits come after both Apple and Google blocked the game after it introduced a direct payment system, effectively shutting out the tech titans from collecting fees.[212] In September 2020 Epic Games founded the Coalition for App Fairness together with other thirteen companies, which aims for better conditions for the inclusion of apps in the app stores.[213] Later in December 2020, Facebook agreed to assist Epic in their legal game against Apple, planning to support the company by providing materials and documents to Epic. Facebook had, however, stated that the company will not participate directly with the lawsuit, although did commit to helping with the discovery of evidence relating to the trial of 2021. In the months prior to their agreement, Facebook had been dealing with feuds against Apple relating to the prices of paid apps as well as privacy rule changes.[214] Head of ad products for Facebook Dan Levy commented, saying that «this is not really about privacy for them, this is about an attack on personalized ads and the consequences it’s going to have on small-business owners,» commenting on the full-page ads placed by Facebook in various newspapers in December 2020.[215]
Customer privacy
Apple has a notable pro-privacy stance, actively making privacy-conscious features and settings part of its conferences, promotional campaigns, and public image.[217] With its iOS 8 mobile operating system in 2014, the company started encrypting all contents of iOS devices through users’ passcodes, making it impossible at the time for the company to provide customer data to law enforcement requests seeking such information.[218] With the popularity rise of cloud storage solutions, Apple began a technique in 2016 to do deep learning scans for facial data in photos on the user’s local device and encrypting the content before uploading it to Apple’s iCloud storage system.[219] It also introduced «differential privacy», a way to collect crowdsourced data from many users, while keeping individual users anonymous, in a system that Wired described as «trying to learn as much as possible about a group while learning as little as possible about any individual in it».[220] Users are explicitly asked if they want to participate, and can actively opt-in or opt-out.[221]
With Apple’s release of an update to iOS 14, Apple required all developers of iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch applications to directly ask iPhone users permission to track them. The feature, titled «App Tracking Transparency», received heavy criticism from Facebook, whose primary business model revolves around the tracking of users’ data and sharing such data with advertisers so users can see more relevant ads, a technique commonly known as targeted advertising. Despite Facebook’s measures, including purchasing full-page newspaper advertisements protesting App Tracking Transparency, Apple released the update in mid-spring 2021. A study by Verizon subsidiary Flurry Analytics reported only 4% of iOS users in the United States and 12% worldwide have opted into tracking.[222]
However, Apple aids law enforcement in criminal investigations by providing iCloud backups of users’ devices,[223] and the company’s commitment to privacy has been questioned by its efforts to promote biometric authentication technology in its newer iPhone models, which don’t have the same level of constitutional privacy as a passcode in the United States.[224]
Prior to the release of iOS 15, Apple announced new efforts at combating child sexual abuse material on iOS and Mac platforms. Parents of minor iMessage users can now be alerted if their child sends or receives nude photographs. Additionally, on-device hashing would take place on media destined for upload to iCloud, and hashes would be compared to a list of known abusive images provided by law enforcement; if enough matches were found, Apple would be alerted and authorities informed. The new features received praise from law enforcement and victims rights advocates, however privacy advocates, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, condemned the new features as invasive and highly prone to abuse by authoritarian governments.[225]
Ireland’s Data Protection Commission launched a privacy investigation to examine whether Apple complied with the EU’s GDPR law following an investigation into how the company processes personal data with targeted ads on its platform.[226]
In December 2019, a report found that the iPhone 11 Pro continues tracking location and collecting user data even after users have disabled location services. In response, an Apple engineer said the Location Services icon «appears for system services that do not have a switch in settings.»[227]
According to published reports by Bloomberg News on March 30, 2022, Apple turned over data such as phone numbers, physical addresses, and IP addresses to hackers posing as law enforcement officials using forged documents. The law enforcement requests sometimes included forged signatures of real or fictional officials. When asked about the allegations, an Apple representative referred the reporter to a section of the company policy for law enforcement guidelines, which stated, «We review every data request for legal sufficiency and use advanced systems and processes to validate law enforcement requests and detect abuse.»[228]
Corporate affairs
Leadership
Senior management
As of March 16, 2021, the management of Apple Inc. includes:[229]
- Tim Cook (chief executive officer)
- Jeff Williams (chief operating officer)
- Luca Maestri (senior vice president and chief financial officer)
- Katherine L. Adams (senior vice president and general counsel)
- Eddy Cue (senior vice president – Internet Software and Services)
- Craig Federighi (senior vice president – Software Engineering)
- John Giannandrea (senior vice president – Machine Learning and AI Strategy)
- Deirdre O’Brien (senior vice president – Retail + People)
- John Ternus (senior vice president – Hardware Engineering)
- Greg Josiwak (senior vice president – Worldwide Marketing)
- Johny Srouji (senior vice president – Hardware Technologies)
- Sabih Khan (senior vice president – Operations)
Board of directors
As of January 20, 2023, the board of directors of Apple Inc. includes:[229]
- Arthur D. Levinson (chairman)
- Tim Cook (executive director and CEO)
- James A. Bell
- Al Gore
- Alex Gorsky
- Andrea Jung
- Monica Lozano
- Ronald Sugar
- Susan Wagner
Previous CEOs
- Michael Scott (1977–1981)
- Mike Markkula (1981–1983)
- John Sculley (1983–1993)
- Michael Spindler (1993–1996)
- Gil Amelio (1996–1997)
- Steve Jobs (1997–2011)
Corporate culture
Universities with the most alumni at Apple
Apple is one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of corporate culture. Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the «1984» television advertisement, Apple’s informal culture had become a key trait that differentiated it from its competitors.[230] According to a 2011 report in Fortune, this has resulted in a corporate culture more akin to a startup rather than a multinational corporation.[231] In a 2017 interview, Wozniak credited watching Star Trek and attending Star Trek conventions while in his youth as a source of inspiration for his co-founding Apple.[232]
As the company has grown and been led by a series of differently opinionated chief executives, it has arguably lost some of its original character. Nonetheless, it has maintained a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that reliably attracts talented workers, particularly after Jobs returned to the company. Numerous Apple employees have stated that projects without Jobs’s involvement often took longer than projects with it.[233]
To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program which awards individuals who make extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to individuals including Bill Atkinson,[234] Steve Capps,[235] Rod Holt,[234] Alan Kay,[236][237] Guy Kawasaki,[236][238] Al Alcorn,[239] Don Norman,[236] Rich Page,[234] Steve Wozniak,[234] and Phil Schiller.[240]
At Apple, employees are intended to be specialists who are not exposed to functions outside their area of expertise.[needs update] Jobs saw this as a means of having «best-in-class» employees in every role. For instance, Ron Johnson—Senior Vice President of Retail Operations until November 1, 2011—was responsible for site selection, in-store service, and store layout, yet had no control of the inventory in his stores. This was done by Tim Cook, who had a background in supply-chain management.[241] Apple is known for strictly enforcing accountability. Each project has a «directly responsible individual» or «DRI» in Apple jargon.[231][242] As an example, when iOS senior vice president Scott Forstall refused to sign Apple’s official apology for numerous errors in the redesigned Maps app, he was forced to resign.[243] Unlike other major U.S. companies, Apple provides a relatively simple compensation policy for executives that does not include perks enjoyed by other CEOs like country club fees or private use of company aircraft. The company typically grants stock options to executives every other year.[244]
In 2015, Apple had 110,000 full-time employees. This increased to 116,000 full-time employees the next year, a notable hiring decrease, largely due to its first revenue decline. Apple does not specify how many of its employees work in retail, though its 2014 SEC filing put the number at approximately half of its employee base.[245] In September 2017, Apple announced that it had over 123,000 full-time employees.[246]
Apple has a strong culture of corporate secrecy, and has an anti-leak Global Security team that recruits from the National Security Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Secret Service.[247]
In December 2017, Glassdoor said Apple was the 48th best place to work, having originally entered at rank 19 in 2009, peaking at rank 10 in 2012, and falling down the ranks in subsequent years.[248]
In 2023, Bloomberg‘s Mark Gurman revealed the existence of Apple’s Exploratory Design Group (XDG), which was working to add glucose monitoring to the Apple Watch. Gurman compared XDG to Alphabet’s X «moonshot factory».[249]
Offices
Apple Inc.’s world corporate headquarters are located in Cupertino, in the middle of California’s Silicon Valley, at Apple Park, a massive circular groundscraper building with a circumference of one mile (1.6 km). The building opened in April 2017 and houses more than 12,000 employees. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs wanted Apple Park to look less like a business park and more like a nature refuge, and personally appeared before the Cupertino City Council in June 2011 to make the proposal, in his final public appearance before his death.
Apple Campus (1 Infinite Loop)
Apple also operates from the Apple Campus (also known by its address, 1 Infinite Loop), a grouping of six buildings in Cupertino that total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m2) located about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the west of Apple Park.[250] The Apple Campus was the company’s headquarters from its opening in 1993, until the opening of Apple Park in 2017. The buildings, located at 1–6 Infinite Loop, are arranged in a circular pattern around a central green space, in a design that has been compared to that of a university.
In addition to Apple Park and the Apple Campus, Apple occupies an additional thirty office buildings scattered throughout the city of Cupertino, including three buildings that also served as prior headquarters: «Stephens Creek Three» (1977–1978), Bandley One» (1978–1982), and «Mariani One» (1982–1993).[251] In total, Apple occupies almost 40% of the available office space in the city.[252]
Apple’s headquarters for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) are located in Cork in the south of Ireland, called the Hollyhill campus.[253] The facility, which opened in 1980, houses 5,500 people and was Apple’s first location outside of the United States.[254] Apple’s international sales and distribution arms operate out of the campus in Cork.[255]
Apple has two campuses near Austin, Texas: a 216,000-square-foot (20,100 m2) campus opened in 2014 houses 500 engineers who work on Apple silicon[256] and a 1.1-million-square-foot (100,000 m2) campus opened in 2021 where 6,000 people to work in technical support, supply chain management, online store curation, and Apple Maps data management.
The company, also has several other locations in Boulder, Colorado, Culver City, California, Herzliya (Israel), London, New York, Pittsburgh, San Diego, and Seattle that each employ hundreds of people.[257]
Litigation
Apple has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation.[258] In particular, Apple is known for and promotes itself as actively and aggressively enforcing its intellectual property interests. Some litigation examples include Apple v. Samsung, Apple v. Microsoft, Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc., and Apple Corps v. Apple Computer. Apple has also had to defend itself against charges on numerous occasions of violating intellectual property rights. Most have been dismissed in the courts as shell companies known as patent trolls, with no evidence of actual use of patents in question.[259] On December 21, 2016, Nokia announced that in the U.S. and Germany, it has filed a suit against Apple, claiming that the latter’s products infringe on Nokia’s patents.[260] Most recently, in November 2017, the United States International Trade Commission announced an investigation into allegations of patent infringement in regards to Apple’s remote desktop technology; Aqua Connect, a company that builds remote desktop software, has claimed that Apple infringed on two of its patents.[261] In January 2022, Ericsson sued Apple over payment of royalty of 5G technology.[262]
Finances
Apple is the world’s largest technology company by revenue, the world’s largest technology company by total assets,[263] and the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung.[264]
In its fiscal year ending in September 2011, Apple Inc. reported a total of $108 billion in annual revenues—a significant increase from its 2010 revenues of $65 billion—and nearly $82 billion in cash reserves.[265] On March 19, 2012, Apple announced plans for a $2.65-per-share dividend beginning in fourth quarter of 2012, per approval by their board of directors.[266]
The company’s worldwide annual revenue in 2013 totaled $170 billion.[267] In May 2013, Apple entered the top ten of the Fortune 500 list of companies for the first time, rising 11 places above its 2012 ranking to take the sixth position.[268] As of 2016, Apple has around US$234 billion of cash and marketable securities, of which 90% is located outside the United States for tax purposes.[269]
Apple amassed 65% of all profits made by the eight largest worldwide smartphone manufacturers in quarter one of 2014, according to a report by Canaccord Genuity. In the first quarter of 2015, the company garnered 92% of all earnings.[270]
On April 30, 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple had cash reserves of $250 billion,[271] officially confirmed by Apple as specifically $256.8 billion a few days later.[272]
As of August 3, 2018, Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. On August 2, 2018, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to reach a $1 trillion market value.[273][274] Apple was ranked No. 4 on the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[275]
In July 2022, Apple reported an 11% decline in Q3 profits compared to 2021. Its revenue in the same period rose 2% year-on-year to $83 billion, though this figure was also lower than in 2021, where the increase was at 36%. The general downturn is reportedly caused by the slowing global economy and supply chain disruptions in China.[276]
Taxes
Apple has created subsidiaries in low-tax places such as Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the British Virgin Islands to cut the taxes it pays around the world. According to The New York Times, in the 1980s Apple was among the first tech companies to designate overseas salespeople in high-tax countries in a manner that allowed the company to sell on behalf of low-tax subsidiaries on other continents, sidestepping income taxes. In the late 1980s, Apple was a pioneer of an accounting technique known as the «Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich», which reduces taxes by routing profits through Irish subsidiaries and the Netherlands and then to the Caribbean.[277][278]
British Conservative Party Member of Parliament Charlie Elphicke published research on October 30, 2012,[279] which showed that some multinational companies, including Apple Inc., were making billions of pounds of profit in the UK, but were paying an effective tax rate to the UK Treasury of only 3 percent, well below standard corporate tax rates. He followed this research by calling on the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to force these multinationals, which also included Google and The Coca-Cola Company, to state the effective rate of tax they pay on their UK revenues. Elphicke also said that government contracts should be withheld from multinationals who do not pay their fair share of UK tax.[280]
According to a US Senate report on the company’s offshore tax structure concluded in May 2013, Apple has held billions of dollars in profits in Irish subsidiaries to pay little or no taxes to any government by using an unusual global tax structure.[281] The main subsidiary, a holding company that includes Apple’s retail stores throughout Europe, has not paid any corporate income tax in the last five years. «Apple has exploited a difference between Irish and U.S. tax residency rules», the report said.[282]
On May 21, 2013, Apple CEO Tim Cook defended his company’s tax tactics at a Senate hearing.[283]
Apple says that it is the single largest taxpayer in the U.S., with an effective tax rate of approximately of 26% as of Q2 FY2016.[284] In an interview with the German newspaper FAZ in October 2017, Tim Cook stated that Apple was the biggest taxpayer worldwide.[285]
In 2016, after a two-year investigation, the European Commission claimed that Apple’s use of a hybrid Double Irish tax arrangement constituted «illegal state aid» from Ireland, and ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros ($14.5 billion) in unpaid taxes, the largest corporate tax fine in history. This was later annulled, after the European General Court ruled that the Commission had provided insufficient evidence.[286][287] In 2018, Apple repatriated $285 billion to America, resulting in a $38 billion tax payment spread over the following 8 years.[288]
Charity
Apple is a partner of (PRODUCT)RED, a fundraising campaign for AIDS charity. In November 2014, Apple arranged for all App Store revenue in a two-week period to go to the fundraiser,[289] generating more than US$20 million,[290] and in March 2017, it released an iPhone 7 with a red color finish.[291]
Apple contributes financially to fundraisers in times of natural disasters. In November 2012, it donated $2.5 million to the American Red Cross to aid relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy,[292] and in 2017 it donated $5 million to relief efforts for both Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey,[293] as well as for the 2017 Central Mexico earthquake.[294] The company has also used its iTunes platform to encourage donations in the wake of environmental disasters and humanitarian crises, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake,[295] the 2011 Japan earthquake,[296] Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in November 2013,[297] and the 2015 European migrant crisis.[298] Apple emphasizes that it does not incur any processing or other fees for iTunes donations, sending 100% of the payments directly to relief efforts, though it also acknowledges that the Red Cross does not receive any personal information on the users donating and that the payments may not be tax deductible.[299]
On April 14, 2016, Apple and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) announced that they have engaged in a partnership to, «help protect life on our planet.» Apple released a special page in the iTunes App Store, Apps for Earth. In the arrangement, Apple has committed that through April 24, WWF will receive 100% of the proceeds from the applications participating in the App Store via both the purchases of any paid apps and the In-App Purchases. Apple and WWF’s Apps for Earth campaign raised more than $8 million in total proceeds to support WWF’s conservation work. WWF announced the results at WWDC 2016 in San Francisco.[300]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Apple’s CEO Cook announced that the company will be donating «millions» of masks to health workers in the United States and Europe.[301]
On January 13, 2021, Apple announced a $100 million «Racial Equity and Justice Initiative» to help combat institutional racism worldwide.[302][303]
Environment
Apple Energy
Apple Energy, LLC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Apple Inc. that sells solar energy. As of June 6, 2016, Apple’s solar farms in California and Nevada have been declared to provide 217.9 megawatts of solar generation capacity.[304] In addition to the company’s solar energy production, Apple has received regulatory approval to construct a landfill gas energy plant in North Carolina. Apple will use the methane emissions to generate electricity.[305] Apple’s North Carolina data center is already powered entirely with energy from renewable sources.[306]
Energy and resources
Following a Greenpeace protest, Apple released a statement on April 17, 2012, committing to ending its use of coal and shifting to 100% renewable clean energy.[307][308] By 2013, Apple was using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers. Overall, 75% of the company’s power came from clean renewable sources.[309]
In 2010, Climate Counts, a nonprofit organization dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple a score of 52 points out of a possible 100, which puts Apple in their top category «Striding».[310] This was an increase from May 2008, when Climate Counts only gave Apple 11 points out of 100, which placed the company last among electronics companies, at which time Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a «stuck icon», adding that Apple at the time was «a choice to avoid for the climate-conscious consumer».[311]
In May 2015, Greenpeace evaluated the state of the Green Internet and commended Apple on their environmental practices saying, «Apple’s commitment to renewable energy has helped set a new bar for the industry, illustrating in very concrete terms that a 100% renewable Internet is within its reach, and providing several models of intervention for other companies that want to build a sustainable Internet.»[312]
As of 2016, Apple states that 100% of its U.S. operations run on renewable energy, 100% of Apple’s data centers run on renewable energy and 93% of Apple’s global operations run on renewable energy.[313] However, the facilities are connected to the local grid which usually contains a mix of fossil and renewable sources, so Apple carbon offsets its electricity use.[314] The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) allows consumers to see the effect a product has on the environment. Each product receives a Gold, Silver, or Bronze rank depending on its efficiency and sustainability. Every Apple tablet, notebook, desktop computer, and display that EPEAT ranks achieves a Gold rating, the highest possible. Although Apple’s data centers recycle water 35 times,[315] the increased activity in retail, corporate and data centers also increase the amount of water use to 573 million US gal (2.2 million m3) in 2015.[316]
During an event on March 21, 2016, Apple provided a status update on its environmental initiative to be 100% renewable in all of its worldwide operations. Lisa P. Jackson, Apple’s vice president of Environment, Policy and Social Initiatives who reports directly to CEO, Tim Cook, announced that as of March 2016, 93% of Apple’s worldwide operations are powered with renewable energy. Also featured was the company’s efforts to use sustainable paper in their product packaging; 99% of all paper used by Apple in the product packaging comes from post-consumer recycled paper or sustainably managed forests, as the company continues its move to all paper packaging for all of its products.[317] Apple working in partnership with Conservation Fund, have preserved 36,000 acres of working forests in Maine and North Carolina. Another partnership announced is with the World Wildlife Fund to preserve up to 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) of forests in China. Featured was the company’s installation of a 40 MW solar power plant in the Sichuan province of China that was tailor-made to coexist with the indigenous yaks that eat hay produced on the land, by raising the panels to be several feet off of the ground so the yaks and their feed would be unharmed grazing beneath the array. This installation alone compensates for more than all of the energy used in Apple’s Stores and Offices in the whole of China, negating the company’s energy carbon footprint in the country. In Singapore, Apple has worked with the Singaporean government to cover the rooftops of 800 buildings in the city-state with solar panels allowing Apple’s Singapore operations to be run on 100% renewable energy. Liam was introduced to the world, an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter designed by Apple Engineers in California specifically for recycling outdated or broken iPhones. Reuses and recycles parts from traded in products.[318]
Apple announced on August 16, 2016, that Lens Technology, one of its major suppliers in China, has committed to power all its glass production for Apple with 100 percent renewable energy by 2018. The commitment is a large step in Apple’s efforts to help manufacturers lower their carbon footprint in China.[319] Apple also announced that all 14 of its final assembly sites in China are now compliant with UL’s Zero Waste to Landfill validation. The standard, which started in January 2015, certifies that all manufacturing waste is reused, recycled, composted, or converted into energy (when necessary). Since the program began, nearly 140,000 metric tons of waste have been diverted from landfills.[320]
On July 21, 2020, Apple announced its plan to become carbon neutral across its entire business, manufacturing supply chain, and product life cycle by 2030. In the next 10 years, Apple will try to lower emissions with a series of innovative actions, including: low carbon product design, expanding energy efficiency, renewable energy, process and material innovations, and carbon removal.[321]
In April 2021, Apple said that it had started a $200 million fund in order to combat climate change by removing 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year.[322]
Toxins
Following further campaigns by Greenpeace,[323] in 2008, Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to eliminate all polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in its complete product line.[324] In June 2007, Apple began replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays in its computers with mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays and arsenic-free glass, starting with the upgraded MacBook Pro.[325][326][327][328] Apple offers comprehensive and transparent information about the CO2e, emissions, materials, and electrical usage concerning every product they currently produce or have sold in the past (and which they have enough data needed to produce the report), in their portfolio on their homepage. Allowing consumers to make informed purchasing decisions on the products they offer for sale.[329] In June 2009, Apple’s iPhone 3GS was free of PVC, arsenic, and BFRs.[325][330] All Apple products now have mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays, arsenic-free glass, and non-PVC cables. All Apple products have EPEAT Gold status and beat the latest Energy Star guidelines in each product’s respective regulatory category.[325][331]
In November 2011, Apple was featured in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics, which ranks electronics manufacturers on sustainability, climate and energy policy, and how «green» their products are. The company ranked fourth of fifteen electronics companies (moving up five places from the previous year) with a score of 4.6/10.[332] Greenpeace praises Apple’s sustainability, noting that the company exceeded its 70% global recycling goal in 2010. It continues to score well on the products rating with all Apple products now being free of PVC plastic and BFRs. However, the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy criteria for not seeking external verification of its greenhouse gas emissions data and for not setting out any targets to reduce emissions.[333] In January 2012, Apple requested that its cable maker, Volex, begin producing halogen-free USB and power cables.[334]
Green bonds
In February 2016, Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond (climate bond), the first ever of its kind by a U.S. tech company. The green bond proceeds are dedicated to the financing of environmental projects.[335]
Supply chain
Apple products were made in America in Apple-owned factories until the late 1990s; however, as a result of outsourcing initiatives in the 2000s, almost all of its manufacturing is now handled abroad. According to a report by The New York Times, Apple insiders «believe the vast scale of overseas factories, as well as the flexibility, diligence and industrial skills of foreign workers, have so outpaced their American counterparts that «Made in the USA» is no longer a viable option for most Apple products».[336]
The company’s manufacturing, procurement, and logistics enable it to execute massive product launches without having to maintain large, profit-sapping inventories. In 2011, Apple’s profit margins were 40 percent, compared with between 10 and 20 percent for most other hardware companies. Cook’s catchphrase to describe his focus on the company’s operational arm is: «Nobody wants to buy sour milk.»[337][338]
In May 2017, the company announced a $1 billion funding project for «advanced manufacturing» in the United States,[339] and subsequently invested $200 million in Corning Inc., a manufacturer of toughened Gorilla Glass technology used in its iPhone devices.[340] The following December, Apple’s chief operating officer, Jeff Williams, told CNBC that the «$1 billion» amount was «absolutely not» the final limit on its spending, elaborating that «We’re not thinking in terms of a fund limit… We’re thinking about, where are the opportunities across the U.S. to help nurture companies that are making the advanced technology— and the advanced manufacturing that goes with that— that quite frankly is essential to our innovation.»[341]
As of 2021, Apple uses components from 43 countries.[342] The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese original design manufacturer firms Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron and Compal Electronics with factories mostly located inside China,[343] but also Brazil,[344] and India.[345]
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., (TSMC) is a pure-play semiconductor manufacturing company. They make the majority of Apple’s smartphone SoCs, with Samsung Semiconductor, playing a minority role.[346] Apple, alone accounted for over 25% of TSMC’s total income in 2021.[347] Apple’s Bionic lineup of smartphone SoCs, are currently made exclusively by TSMC[348] from the A7 bionic onwards, previously manufacturing was shared with Samsung. The M series of Apple SoC for consumer computers and tablets is made by TSMC as well.[349]
During the Mac’s early history Apple generally refused to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, instead creating their own.[350] This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple’s adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/8500/9500 Power Macs. Apple has since joined the industry standards groups to influence the future direction of technology standards such as USB, AGP, HyperTransport, Wi-Fi, NVMe, PCIe and others in its products. FireWire is an Apple-originated standard that was widely adopted across the industry after it was standardized as IEEE 1394 and is a legally mandated port in all Cable TV boxes in the United States.[351]
Apple has gradually expanded its efforts in getting its products into the Indian market. In July 2012, during a conference call with investors, CEO Tim Cook said that he «[loves] India», but that Apple saw larger opportunities outside the region.[352] India’s requirement that 30% of products sold be manufactured in the country was described as «really adds cost to getting product to market».[353] In May 2016, Apple opened an iOS app development center in Bangalore and a maps development office for 4,000 staff in Hyderabad.[354] In March, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin manufacturing iPhone models in India «over the next two months»,[355] and in May, the Journal wrote that an Apple manufacturer had begun production of iPhone SE in the country,[356] while Apple told CNBC that the manufacturing was for a «small number» of units.[357] In April 2019, Apple initiated manufacturing of iPhone 7 at its Bengaluru facility, keeping in mind demand from local customers even as they seek more incentives from the government of India.[358] At the beginning of 2020, Tim Cook announced that Apple schedules the opening of its first physical outlet in India for 2021, while an online store is to be launched by the end of the year.[359]
During the 2022 COVID-19 protests in China, Chinese state-owned company Wingtech was reported by The Wall Street Journal to gain an additional foothold in Apple’s supply chain following protests at a Foxconn factory in the Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone.[360]
Worker organizations
In 2006, one complex of factories in Shenzhen, China that assembled the iPod and other items had over 200,000 workers living and working within it. Employees regularly worked more than 60 hours per week and made around $100 per month. A little over half of the workers’ earnings was required to pay for rent and food from the company.[361][362]
Apple immediately launched an investigation after the 2006 media report, and worked with their manufacturers to ensure acceptable working conditions.[363] In 2007, Apple started yearly audits of all its suppliers regarding worker’s rights, slowly raising standards and pruning suppliers that did not comply. Yearly progress reports have been published since 2008.[364] In 2011, Apple admitted that its suppliers’ child labor practices in China had worsened.[365]
The Foxconn suicides occurred between January and November 2010, when 18 Foxconn (Chinese: 富士康) employees attempted suicide,[366] resulting in 14 deaths—the company was the world’s largest contract electronics manufacturer, for clients including Apple, at the time.[366][367][368] The suicides drew media attention, and employment practices at Foxconn were investigated by Apple.[369] Apple issued a public statement about the suicides, and company spokesperson Steven Dowling said:
[Apple is] saddened and upset by the recent suicides at Foxconn … A team from Apple is independently evaluating the steps they are taking to address these tragic events and we will continue our ongoing inspections of the facilities where our products are made.[370]
The statement was released after the results from the company’s probe into its suppliers’ labor practices were published in early 2010. Foxconn was not specifically named in the report, but Apple identified a series of serious labor violations of labor laws, including Apple’s own rules, and some child labor existed in a number of factories.[370] Apple committed to the implementation of changes following the suicides.[371]
Also in 2010, workers in China planned to sue iPhone contractors over poisoning by a cleaner used to clean LCD screens. One worker claimed that he and his coworkers had not been informed of possible occupational illnesses.[372] After a high suicide rate in a Foxconn facility in China making iPads and iPhones, albeit a lower rate than that of China as a whole,[373] workers were forced to sign a legally binding document guaranteeing that they would not kill themselves.[374] Workers in factories producing Apple products have also been exposed to hexane, a neurotoxin that is a cheaper alternative than alcohol for cleaning the products.[375]
A 2014 BBC investigation found excessive hours and other problems persisted, despite Apple’s promise to reform factory practice after the 2010 Foxconn suicides. The Pegatron factory was once again the subject of review, as reporters gained access to the working conditions inside through recruitment as employees. While the BBC maintained that the experiences of its reporters showed that labor violations were continuing since 2010, Apple publicly disagreed with the BBC and stated: «We are aware of no other company doing as much as Apple to ensure fair and safe working conditions».[371]
In December 2014, the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights published a report which documented inhumane conditions for the 15,000 workers at a Zhen Ding Technology factory in Shenzhen, China, which serves as a major supplier of circuit boards for Apple’s iPhone and iPad. According to the report, workers are pressured into 65-hour work weeks which leaves them so exhausted that they often sleep during lunch breaks. They are also made to reside in «primitive, dark and filthy dorms» where they sleep «on plywood, with six to ten workers in each crowded room.» Omnipresent security personnel also routinely harass and beat the workers.[376]
In 2019, there were reports stating that some of Foxconn’s managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones and that Apple was investigating the issue.[377]
See also
- List of Apple Inc. media events
- Pixar
Notes
- ^ Neither received the full selling price; in total, they earned $1,300, equivalent to $6,500 in 2022
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Bibliography
- Price, Rob (1987). So Far: The First Ten Years of a Vision. Apple Computer. ISBN 978-1-55693-974-7.
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Further reading
- Amelio, Gil; Simon, William L. (1999). On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at Apple. New York: Harper Business. ISBN 978-0-88730-919-9. OCLC 41424094.
- Carlton, Jim (1998). Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania and Business Blunders (Revised ed.). Random House Business Books. ISBN 978-0-88730-965-6. OCLC 1068545200.
- Deutschman, Alan (2000). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0432-2. OCLC 59470055.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made. O’Reilly Books. ISBN 978-0-596-00719-5. OCLC 774133318.
- Kunkel, Paul (1997). AppleDesign: The Work of the Apple Industrial Design Group. ISBN 978-1-888001-25-9. OCLC 450559301.
- Lashinsky, Adam (2013). Inside Apple: How America’s Most Admired—and Secretive—Company Really Works. ISBN 978-1-4555-1216-4. OCLC 984131988.
- O’Grady, Jason D. (2009). Apple Inc. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36244-6.
- Levy, Steven (2000) [1994]. Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-029177-3. OCLC 474924791.
- Linzmayer, Owen (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-010-0. OCLC 921280642.
- Rose, Frank (1990). West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-009372-8. OCLC 924684399.
- Sculley, John; Byrne, John A. (1990) [October 1, 1987]. Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple … A Journey of Adventure, Ideas and the Future. Diane Pub Co. ISBN 978-0-7881-6949-6. OCLC 947796756.
- Wozniak, Steve; Smith, Gina (2006). iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7. OCLC 502898652.
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey Is the Reward. Lynx Books. ISBN 978-1-55802-378-9. OCLC 502695173.
- Young, Jeffrey S.; Simon, William L. (2005). iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72083-6. OCLC 487439489.
External links
- Official website
- Business data for Apple Inc.:
- Bloomberg
- Reuters
- SEC filings
- Yahoo!
- Apple Inc. companies grouped at OpenCorporates