Частная военная компания на английском языке

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В этом материале подробно рассказывается о том, как частная военная компания под названием «Вагнер ЧВК» (в честь любимого композитора Гитлера) участвует в важнейших боях как на Украине, так и в Сирии — в том числе в районе Пальмиры.
The report details how a PMC group, named ChVK Wagner (after Hitler’s favorite composer), has been fighting major battles in both Ukraine and Syria — including near Palmyra.

Так, например, в мирное время, возможно, целесообразно передавать услуги, связанные с подготовкой вооруженных сил, ЧВК, в то время как такая же деятельность во время конфликта может квалифицироваться как участие в конфликте и, следовательно, согласно некоторым определениям, рассматриваться как наемничество.
For example, it might be reasonable to outsource training an armed force to a PMC in peacetime, whereas the same activity during conflict might qualify as participation in the conflict and, under some definitions, therefore considered mercenary.

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Перевод «Частная военная компания» на английский

private military company

private military contractor


Частная военная компания является инструментом продолжения политики государства.


Частная военная компания (РМС), частная военная фирма (PMF), или частные вооруженные силы или компания безопасности, предоставляет вооруженным службам безопасности.



A private military company (PMC), or private military or security company, provides military and armed security services.


Российская частная военная компания — группа Вагнера — в июле оказалась в центре внимания, когда в ЦАР были убиты трое российских журналистов, которые занимались расследованием ее предполагаемой деятельности в этой стране.



A Russian private military contractor, the Wagner group, was thrust into the spotlight in July when three Russian journalists were killed in CAR while investigating its alleged presence there.


«Пойнткорп» — частная военная компания, вызывающая много споров.


Частная военная компания «Вагнер» или группа Вагнера — неофициальная военная организация, не имеющая никакого юридического статуса.



Private military company, also known as the «Wagner group,» the unofficial military organization, with no legal status.


Частная военная компания «Донбасс Охрана» готова предоставить Вам все виды охранной деятельности



Private military company «Donbass Security» is ready to provide you with all kinds of security activities


Частная военная компания из Дам Нек.


Частная военная компания «Донбасс Охрана» была создана в 2015 году.


Частная военная компания Blackwater была зарегистрирована на Барбадосе.


Частная военная компания была основана в 2008 году Дэвидом Моралесом, бывшим членом испанской морской пехоты обороны, которого когда-то называли «идеальным наемником».



The private military company was founded in 2008 by David Morales, a former member of the Spanish Defense Marine Infantry who was once described as «the perfect mercenary.»


Частная военная компания Analizy Systemowe Bartlomiej лишилась 6 человек, Greystone — 14 человек, Academi — 50 человек.



According to Ponomarev, a private military company Analizy Systemowe Bartlomiej lost 6 people, Greystone — 14 people, Academi — 50 people.


Понятие «частная военная компания» еще только обсуждается законодателями.


Но вот частная военная компания вполне подходит для защиты китайских экономических интересов в Пакистане.



But a private military company is well suited for the protection of Chinese economic interests in pakistan.


Это вовсе не та техника, какую могут использовать обычная служба безопасности или частная военная компания.



This is not at all the technique that a conventional security service or a private military company can use.


Показано, что частная военная компания может использовать комбинацию всех возможных форм: аутсорсинг, государственно-частное партнерство и конкурентное сотрудничество.



Article shows that the private military company may be a combination of all possible forms that are outsourcing, public-private partnerships, competitive cooperation.


Ключевые слова: наемничество, вооруженный конфликт, гибридная война, частная военная компания, международное право.



Keywords: mercenaries, armed conflict, a hybrid war, a private military company, international law.


В настоящий момент термин «частная военная компания» (ЧВК) в России является словом ругательным.


Считается, что самые крупные потери (около 300 человек) частная военная компания понесла 9 февралы при попытке захвата одного из нефтеперерабатывающих заводов.



It is believed that the largest losses (about 300 people) a private military company incurred on February 9 while trying to capture one of the oil refineries.


ЧВК Вагнер — частная военная компания, которая вербует и отправляет солдат для участия в войне на стороне сепаратистов на востоке Украины.



Wagner PMC is a private military company which recruits and sends soldiers for participation in the war in the east of Ukraine on the part of separatists.


Эта частная военная компания часто нанимается американским правительством, чтобы защитить американские интересы за границей — таким образом, правительство не может требовать никакой ответственности за действия Динкорпа.



This private military company is often hired by the us government to protect American interests abroad — thus, the government cannot claim any responsibility for the actions of Dinkorp.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 93. Точных совпадений: 93. Затраченное время: 91 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Источник

частная военная компания

  • 1
    частная военная компания

    1) Military: private military company

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > частная военная компания

  • 2
    частная военная компания (ЧВК), частная военная и охранная компания

    Military:

    private security company

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > частная военная компания (ЧВК), частная военная и охранная компания

  • 3
    частная военная компания , частная военная и охранная компания

    Military: private security company

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > частная военная компания , частная военная и охранная компания

  • 4
    частная военная компания (ЧВК)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > частная военная компания (ЧВК)

См. также в других словарях:

  • Частная военная компания — (ЧВК) (англ. Private military company)  коммерческое предприятие, предлагающее специализированные услуги, связанные с участием в военных конфликтах или боевых операциях, а также со сбором разведывательной информации, стратегическим… …   Википедия

  • Частная охранная организация — Частное охранное предприятие (ЧОП) негосударственное предприятие, оказывающее услуги охраны. Содержание 1 История 2 Правовой статус ЧОП в России 3 …   Википедия

  • Xe Services — Тип Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Деятельность Частное охранное предприятие/Частная военная …   Википедия

  • Academi — Тип Общество с ограниченной ответственностью …   Википедия

  • Наёмник — («солдат удачи»[1])  лицо, вступающее в вооружённый конфликт не из идеологических, национальных, политических соображений (и не принадлежит к так или иначе заинтересованной в исходе конфликта идеологической группе) и не в соответствии с… …   Википедия

  • Military Professional Resources — Military Professional Resources …   Википедия

  • Tom Clancy’s Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory — Обложка российского издания Разработчики …   Википедия

  • Иерихон (телесериал) — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Иерихон (значения). Иерихон Jericho …   Википедия

  • Пираты «Чёрной лагуны» — Обложка DVD российского издания ブラック・ラグーン (яп.) Burakku Raguun (ромадзи) Чёрная лагуна (неоф. рус.) Жан …   Википедия

  • Sandline International — Расположение …   Википедия

  • Украинский кризис: хроника противостояния в апреле 2015 года — Массовые антиправительственные акции начались в юго восточных областях Украины в конце февраля 2014 года. Они явились ответом местных жителей на насильственную смену власти в стране и последовавшую за этим попытку отмены Верховной радой закона,… …   Энциклопедия ньюсмейкеров

Источник

частная военная компания — перевод на английский

Кто хочет увидеть охрану частной военной компании?

Who gets to see the security at a private military company?

Потом мистер Самоуверенность устроился на работу во Всемирную Безопасность Бродерика, частная военная компания.

Then Mr. Smarty-pants got himself a job at Broderick Worldwide Security, the private military company.

Когда вы выдаете себя за потенциального клиента для частной военной компании не стоит жадничать на деталях.

When you’re posing as a potential client of a private military company, it doesn’t pay to be subtle.

После этого он открыл частную военную компанию, поставляя наемников любому диктатору с чековой книжкой.

After that he opened a private military company, supplying mercs to every dictator with a checkbook.

Перед ФПГ Пишеда работал по контракту в частной военной компании.

Prior to the HCF, Pischedda worked as a contractor for a private military company.

Показать ещё примеры для «private military company»…

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Дай угадаю, этот парень решил завести собственный бизнес?

Открыл частную военную компанию Белый огонь.

Белый огонь.

I’m just taking a wild guess here, this guy — went into business for himself? — Yeah.

He started a private military company called White Fire.

White Fire.

Быстро он сгорел.

Порядки в частных военных компаниях похуже, чем в государственных.

Выясни, что сможешь о Маккуэйд Секьюрити.

He flamed out fast.

Tough culture, those P.M.C.s, worse than the military.

Get me what you can from McQuaid Security.

А также военный подрядчик.

Думай об этом, как о латино-американской частной военной компании.

Частная военная компания.

Defense contractor too.

Think of it as a Latin American version of Blackwater.

Oh, Blackwater.

Думай об этом, как о латино-американской частной военной компании.

Частная военная компания.

И мы собираемся пойти туда одни.

Think of it as a Latin American version of Blackwater.

Oh, Blackwater.

Yeah, and we’re gonna go in there alone.

Когда я спрашивал, как именно, получал стандартные отговорки — на посту, служа своей стране.

Оказалось, он был убит наемниками частной военной компании, охранявшими нелегальную шахту.

Их компания заплатила, чтобы прикрыть дело.

When I asked how, I got the standard crap— line of duty, service to your country.

Turned out he’d been murdered by PMCs who were guarding an illegal mine.

Their company paid to cover it up.

Мы вместе работали в ЦРУ.

После этого он открыл частную военную компанию, поставляя наемников любому диктатору с чековой книжкой

Но теперь его собираются назначить директором государственной разведки, что требует одобрения Сената.

We were at the CIA together.

After that he opened a private military company, supplying mercs to every dictator with a checkbook.

But now he’s about to be appointed Director of National Intelligence, which requires senate confirmation.

Что потребуется… чтобы положить…?

Частные военные компании, миллиарды.

Что там было когда он сказал «деньги, частные компании»?

What would it… take to put…?

Money… money and more troops… private contractors…

Whoa, what was that when he said «money, private contractors»?

Но я точно знаю, что расходы удвоятся, когда в декабре закончатся миссии США и НАТО.

Значит, нам придётся нанять больше частных военных компаний, таких как ваша для усиления безопасности

Вот почему мы здесь, генерал.

But I do know for a fact that expenditure will double when the US and NATO combat mission ends in December.

Meaning we’re gonna have to hire a lot more private military companies like yours to fill the security vacuum.

That’s why we’re here, General.

Он все время использовал вас с Биллом.

В действительности он работал на группу частных военных компаний, которые пытаются дестабилизировать

Так что на сегодня, его действия уже стоили жизни сотен людей.

He was using you and Bill all along.

He’s really been working for a group of private military firms Trying to destabilize this country in an effort to seize power.

So far today, His actions have cost the lives of hundreds of people.

Мы заходим, ты представляешь меня, ты уходишь.

Частные военные компании славятся работой своих охранников.

Это большая часть их бизнеса, но не единственная часть.

Sure. We go in, you introduce me, you leave.

Private military companies… are best known for their bodyguard work.

It’s a big part of their business, but it’s not the only part.

Богатый парень, которому нужно что-то защитить.

Кто хочет увидеть охрану частной военной компании?

Парень, который хочет устроить свою маленькую войну.

The rich guy with something to protect.

Who gets to see the security at a private military company?

A guy who wants to start his own little war.

Все они разных размеров, но тип обуви абсолютно одинаковый.

Обычно их используют подразделения спецназа либо частные военные компании.

Хорошо.

Although they’re of different sizes, the type of shoes were all the same.

They’re special shoes manufactured by Temith in America for military use, and they’re usually used by foreign dispatches or private militaries.

Good work.

Чхве Сынхи…

Я уже просмотрела результаты, и думаю для начала составить список частных военных компаний, учитывая

— Нам нужно поговорить.

Choi Seung Hee.

I’ve looked at the analysis and I think I should first make a list of private military companies by referencing the weapons and communication devices they used.

— Talk with me for a bit.

Над чем она сейчас работает?

Она готовила материал о частных военных компаниях.

Но в последние дни начала подбирать данные о КГБ.

What is she working on now?

She was doing a piece about private military companies.

But the last few days, she started researching the old Soviet KGB.

Возможно.

Она готовила негативный сюжет о частных военных компаниях.

Ей брат подготовил доклад начальникам штабов, рекомендующий правительству прервать с ними контракты.

Maybe.

She was preparing a negative piece on private military companies.

Her brother was presenting a paper to the Joint Chiefs recommending the government cut off contracts with them.

О чем?

О частных военных компаниях.

Было много нареканий на работу внешних подрядчиков.

About?

Private military companies.

There’s been a lot of negative reaction to the military’s contracting out operations.

Понял.

Это боец отряда спецназа «Дельта», а так же глава частной военной компании.

Его подразделение находится сейчас в Афганистане, но мы вызвали его специально для этого задания.

Alright, sir.

He’s from Delta Force and a part of the civil military service from the PMC that headquarters runs.

He was with his regiment in a conflict zone in Afghanistan, supporting the American military until we brought him here for the mission.

Это…

Я искал частные военные компании, продавцов оружия, экс-шпионов.

Я должен был…

This is…

I mean, I was looking at private military companies, arms dealers, retired spooks.

I should’ve been…

Должен идти, капитан.

Дана Хаттон готовила историю о частных военных компаниях.

Добавь это в список совпадений.

Got to go, Captain.

Dana Hutton was doing a story on private military companies.

Add it to the list of coincidences.

Мне это уже очень сильно не нравится.

Когда вы выдаете себя за потенциального клиента для частной военной компании не стоит жадничать на деталях

Частная армия — очень дорогая игрушка, а люди, которые её нанимают, супер богатые и не боятся продемонстрировать это.

I hate this so much already.

When you’re posing as a potential client of a private military company, it doesn’t pay to be subtle.

A private army is a very high-dollar item, and the people who rent them tend to be super-rich and not afraid to show it.

Ну, он сказал мне, что он в отставке и сейчас работает на частных подрядчиков.

Что-то с частной военной компанией.

И у него было…

Well, he told me he was retired and working for private contractors now.

You know, Blackwater kind of stuff.

And he had some, uh…

Плохое поведение.

Потом мистер Самоуверенность устроился на работу во Всемирную Безопасность Бродерика, частная военная

Они пользуются репутацией не задающих вопросы.

Bad conduct.

Then Mr. Smarty-pants got himself a job at Broderick Worldwide Security, the private military company.

Well, they have a reputation for not asking questions.

Он был правительственным убийцей.

Продался частным военным компаниям.

Теперь он хладнокровный убийца.

He was an ex-government hit man.

He sold out to a military contractor.

Now he’s a stone-cold killer.

Можешь всё мне рассказать.

Потом продался частным военным компаниям.

Теперь он хладнокровный убийца.

You can tell me anything.

He was a government hit man before he sold out to a military contractor.

Now he’s a stone-cold killer.

Оба бывшие члены 12-го воздушно-десантного полка.

Есть подозрения, что Боулс и Грант подались в наёмники, после того как ушли из САС, работали на частные

Нанять Гранта и Боулса для убийства Бажанова, просто и конфиденциально.

Both former members of the 12th Airborne regiment.

The suspicion is Bowles and Grant turned mercenary after leaving the SAS, working for private military companies in Russia, the Caucasus, the Ukraine, rescuing kidnap victims… ~ Which could’ve put them into contact with the Russian state.

Hiring Grant and Bowles to hit Bazhanov would have been simple and discreet.

Эшмор демобилизован из армии в 2007, пошёл на работу в службу безопасности WingSpan.

Это частная военная компания с такой плохой репутацией, что была вынуждена закрыться в прошлом году.

— Где они дислоцировались?

Ashmore separated from the Army in 2007, went to work for wingspan Security Forces.

It’s a private military company with such a bad reputation it was forced to shut down last year.

Where was he stationed?

ПараСорс?

Это крупная частная военная компания.

А что?

Parasou roe?

It’s a big military contractor.

Why?

У меня есть то что тебе нужно:

«Контролируемые последствия», частная военная компания из Лагоса…

Маленькая, легко отрицать причастность, легко управляемая.

I got what you want:

Controlled Outcomes, a private military company out of Lagos…

Small, easily deniable, easily controllable.

Похоже на ЧВП.

Называть «Крейг» частной военной компанией всё равно что сравнивать «Стелс» с бумажным самолетиком.

— Насколько велики?

Sounds like a PMC.

Calling Krieg a private military company is like comparing a stealth bomber to a paper airplane.

— How big?

Гиббс:

Частная военная компания из Дам Нек.

Ага, она.

GIBBS:

Private military company in Dam Neck.

Yup, that’s the one.

Показать еще

Источник

Romania considers that particular attention should be paid to the challenges posed to international humanitarian law

[…]

by asymmetric warfare

[…]
and by the issues related to private military companies such as compliance with international […]

humanitarian

[…]

law, human rights law, customs of war, rules of engagement and post-conflict situations.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Румыния считает, что особое внимание следует уделить проблемам, которые создает для международного

[…]

гуманитарного права

[…]
асимметричная война, и вопросам, связанным с частными военными компаниями, таким как […]

соблюдение международного

[…]

гуманитарного права, права, касающегося прав человека, обычаев войны, правил применения оружия, а также вопросам постконфликтных ситуаций.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Private military companies and private military and security companies are excluded from the scope of the definition, […]

even if part of their

[…]

operations may fall within the scope of civilian private security services.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Частные военные компании или частные военные и охранные компании исключены из сферы охвата этого определения, даже если […]

часть их операций

[…]

может совпадать с деятельностью гражданских частных служб безопасности.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

The process must not become bogged down and

[…]
regional authorities must not choose the option of hiring private military companies.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Недопустимо, чтобы этот процесс застопорился, не

[…]

следует также позволять, чтобы

[…]
региональные власти в качестве альтернативы пользовались услуги частных военных компаний.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

States parties shall investigate reports of violations

[…]

of international

[…]
humanitarian law and human rights norms by private military companies and private security companies and ensure civil and […]

criminal prosecution and punishment of offenders.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Го сударства-участники расследуют сообщения о нарушениях норм

[…]

международного гуманитарного

[…]
права и международного права в области прав человека частными военными компаниями и частными охранными компаниями и обеспечивают […]

преследование

[…]

и наказание правонарушителей в порядке гражданского и уголовного судопроизводства.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Invisible Khazaria, being a network, operates using the principles of the network to this day, creating the parallel shadow governments as an actual external control centers in

[…]

different countries including the U.S., and

[…]
forming the parallel irregular armies with the help of private military companies.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Невидимая Хазария, будучи сетью, и сейчас действует, используя сетевой принцип, создавая параллельные теневые правительства как фактические внешние

[…]

центры управления в разных странах,

[…]
включая США, и формируя параллельные нерегулярные армии с помощью частных военных компаний.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

This battalion is controlled by the United

[…]
States and is essentially one of private military companies, which, according to the U.S. plans, […]

is to have an American

[…]

military presence in a hidden form, and if necessary to carry out subversive and sabotage operations, to organize terrorist acts and provocations, aimed at destabilizing the situation in Russia, just like it was done in Yugoslavia.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Этот подконтрольный США батальон

[…]
является по сути своей одной из частных военных компаний, которые в планах США имеют целью […]

в скрытой форме осуществлять

[…]

американское военное присутствие и при необходимости выполнять подрывные и диверсионные операции, организовывать террористические акты и провокации, направленные на дестабилизацию обстановки в России, подобно тому, как они это делали в Югославии.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

This meeting led to the subsequent covert support from Washington of extremist organizations in

[…]

Turkey, Jordan and Saudi

[…]
Arabia, and also the U.S. private military companies (such as those who performed […]

the dirty work in

[…]

the Balkans for the Clinton administration) in order to support the Chechen separatists [in Russia] and their allies in inspiring in the spring of 2000 year and maintaining for a long time what was called by them a jihad [a holy war].

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Эта встреча привела к последующей тайной поддержке Вашингтоном как экстремистских

[…]

организаций Турции,

[…]
Иордании и Саудовской Аравии, так и американских частных военных компаний (типа […]

тех, которые выполняли

[…]

грязную работу на Балканах для администрации Клинтона) в целях поддержки чеченских сепаратистов и их союзников в инспирировании весной 2000 года и поддержании в течение длительного времени того, что было названо ими джихадом.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

26 It is important to note that, despite their employment more often than not in combat roles (such as

[…]

securing military logistic

[…]
lines/oil lines or interrogation of detainees), private military companies (PMCs), also known as private military firms (PMFs) and mostly employed in Iraq […]

and Afghanistan, are covered by existing modern-day IHL.

icrc.org

icrc.org

26 Важно отметить, что хотя они чаще всего используются для выполнения боевых задач (например охраны военных путей

[…]

материально-технического

[…]
снабжения/нефтепроводов или для допроса задержанных), частные военные компании (ЧВК), известные также как частные военные фирмы (ЧВФ) и чаще всего используемые в Ираке […]

и Афганистане, попадают

[…]

в сферу действия МГП, действующего на сегодняшний день.

icrc.org

icrc.org

Since the beginning of the use of private military companies the government, in fact, lost the […]

monopoly on the use of force,

[…]

and its role as guarantor of peace and order was reduced to zero.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

С началом использования частных военных компаний правительство, по сути, утратило монополию на […]

применение силы, а его роль

[…]

как гаранта мира и правопорядка была сведена к нулю.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

United States, in

[…]
order to pay for their orders to private military companies to commit the crimes, require the […]

shadow criminal money that do not pass through Congress.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Соединенным Штатам,

[…]
для того чтобы оплатить свой заказ частным военным компаниям на преступления, требуются теневые […]

преступные деньги,

[…]

которые не проходят через Конгресс.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

The invisible Khazaria has its armed forces,

[…]

the core of which

[…]
consists of mercenaries from private military companies, which together with the […]

armies of the vassal peoples

[…]

fight for her political materialization — establishment of new world order.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

У невидимой Хазарии есть

[…]

свои вооруженные силы,

[…]
ядро которых образуют наемники из частных военных компаний, которые вместе с армиями […]

вассальных народов

[…]

воюют за ее политическую материализацию — за установление нового мирового порядка.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

It is reported that the mercenaries shooting on the cars

[…]

is the main way to regulate traffic on the

[…]
roads of Iraq, which are controlled by private military companies, that is those very mercenaries.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Сообщается, что стрельба наемников по машинам является

[…]

главным способом регулирования движения на

[…]
иракских дорогах, которые контролируются частными военными компаниями, то есть теми же наемниками.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Their leadership, just as Hitler was once funded, is funded by the same Zionists, and their army, in the same way as once the army of the Third Reich, serves as a mercenary of the Khazar

[…]

anti-system, which in

[…]
parallel to that through the private military companies has already created the global […]

force of global

[…]

anti-state, designed not only to suppress any attempts of resistance or disobedience, but even any kind of disagreement.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Их руководство так же, как когда-то Гитлер, финансируется теми же самыми сионистами, а их армия так же, как когда-то армия Третьего рейха, выступает наемником

[…]

членов хазарской

[…]
антисистемы, которая параллельно с этим через частные военные компании уже создает […]

глобальные вооруженные

[…]

силы глобального антигосударства, призванные подавлять не только любые попытки сопротивления или неповиновения, но даже какое бы то ни было несогласие.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Another fact

[…]
confirming that representatives of private military companies operate in Russia and that this […]

activity is criminal in

[…]

nature was published in our media in August 2007.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Еще один факт,

[…]
подтверждающий то, что представители частных военных компаний действуют на территории России […]

и что эта деятельность

[…]

носит преступный характер, был опубликован в наших СМИ в августе 2007 года.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

In Iraq, the operations aimed at suppressing the

[…]

opposition to the occupation

[…]
are conducted, as a rule, by private military companies, and not necessarily based in […]

the United States.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

В Ираке операции, направленные на

[…]

подавление

[…]
сопротивления оккупации, осуществляют, как правило, частные военные компании, причем не обязательно […]

базирующиеся в США.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Therefore, the number of suspects in terrorist acts should also

[…]

include the international

[…]
drug cartels, as well as American private military companies, multinational corporations interested […]

in in the Asian

[…]

oil as well as multinational corporations interested in establishing a new world order through war, and ruling circles in their ilk.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Поэтому в число подозреваемых в организации

[…]

терактов следует

[…]
включить и международные наркокартели, а также заинтересованные в войне американские частные военные […]

компании, заинтересованные

[…]

в азиатской нефти транснациональные корпорации и заинтересованные в установлении нового мирового порядка через войну правящие круги США и иже с ними.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

This makes the private military companies not only global forces, leading an all-out war […]

against the statehood, but also

[…]

the global police force to destroy those who oppose the new world order and stand for the preservation of traditions.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Это делает частные военные компании не только глобальными вооруженными силами, ведущими […]

тотальную войну против государственности,

[…]

но и глобальными полицейскими силами, расправляющимися с теми, кто выступает против нового мирового порядка за сохранение традиций.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Private military companies now have more power than some governments, […]

becoming an influential force to be used for the purposes

[…]

of international and regional diplomacy, threatening national sovereignty and changing the nature of modern warfare.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Частные военные компании в настоящее время обладают большей властью, […]

чем некоторые правительства, превращаясь во влиятельную

[…]

силу, используемую для целей международной и региональной дипломатии, угрожая государственному суверенитету и меняя сущность современной войны.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

By some estimates, 40 cents of every dollar that is

[…]
spent on the occupation [of Iraq] went to private military companies ...

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

По некоторым оценкам 40 центов из каждого

[…]
доллара, который тратится на оккупацию, идет частным военным компаниям...

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Those are, firstly, betting on covert

[…]
operations, secondly, the reliance on private military companies (which, incidentally, is particularly […]

suited to covert

[…]

operations) and, thirdly, the use of weapons systems based on high technology.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

Это, во-первых, ставка на

[…]
тайные операции, во-вторых, опора на частные военные компании (которые, кстати, в наибольшей степени […]

подходят для проведения

[…]

тайных операций) и, в третьих, использование систем оружия, основанных на высоких технологиях.

antimatrix.org

antimatrix.org

In the context

[…]
of crimes committed by private military and security companies and their employees, the […]

Working Group is also considering

[…]

whether an additional international criminal legal convention or a protocol to the Statute of the International Criminal Court could be effective for such companies.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Что касается совершения преступлений частными военными и охранными компаниями и их работниками, […]

то Рабочая группа рассматривает также

[…]

и вопрос о том, насколько эффективной для этого была бы разработка дополнительной международной уголовно-правовой конвенции или протокола к Статуту Международного уголовного суда.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

The Working Group finally recommends that the

[…]

approach of the

[…]
international community to private military and security companies should move away from […]

perceiving them as part

[…]

of a State’s regular exports under commercial regulations towards perceiving them as a highly specific field of exports and services requiring supervision and constant oversight by or on behalf of national Governments, civil society and the international community, led by the United Nations.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

И наконец, Рабочая группа

[…]
рекомендует международному сообществу в своем подходе к частным военным и охранным компаниям рассматривать […]

их не в контексте

[…]

обычного экспорта того или иного государства, регулируемого коммерческими правилами, а в качестве крайне специфической области экспорта и услуг, которая требует надзора и постоянного контроля со стороны национальных правительств, гражданского общества и международного сообщества во главе с Организацией Объединенных Наций и по их поручению.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Private military and security companies can be used only to protect people, […]

guard facilities, for the protection and transfer

[…]

of tangible and intangible assets and for data protection and handling.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Частные военные и охранные компании могут использоваться только в целях […]

защиты людей, охраны объектов, защиты и передачи

[…]

материальных и нематериальных ценностей, а также для защиты данных и работы с ними.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Perhaps owing to this relationship between the increase in contracting

[…]

by the United States

[…]
Government and its operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, United States legislation on private military and security companies focuses on Government contractors rather than on those companies under contract with […]

non-governmental organizations,

[…]

private companies or other clients.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Можно отметить, что с учетом этой взаимосвязи между расширением практики заключения контрактов

[…]

правительством

[…]
Соединенных Штатов и проводимыми им операциями в Афганистане и Ираке законодательство Соединенных Штатов в отношении частных военных и охранных компаний в первую очередь регулирует деятельность подрядчиков правительства, […]

а не компаний, работающих

[…]

по контрактам с неправительственными организациями, частными компаниями или другими клиентами.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Nothing in the Montreux Document indicates that States should ensure that existing laws, including criminal laws, are enforced, particularly, but not exclusively, the prohibition on torture and other

[…]

cruel, inhumane or

[…]
degrading treatment, and requirements that private military and security companies and their employees be held accountable […]

for serious crimes.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Нигде в Документе Монтрё не указано, что государствам надлежит обеспечивать безусловное выполнение существующих законов, включая уголовное законодательство, и в особенности — но не исключительно — запрета на пытки и другие

[…]

жестокие, бесчеловечные или

[…]
унижающие достоинство виды обращения, а также правил, требующих привлечения к ответственности частных военных и охранных […]

компаний и их

[…]

работников за серьезные преступления.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

The Working Group welcomes the continued efforts by the Human Rights Council and Member States to elaborate

[…]

an international

[…]
regulatory framework for private military and security companies and to establish voluntary […]

standards for the industry.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Рабочая группа приветствует неослабные усилия Совета по правам человека и государств-членов, направленные на

[…]

разработку

[…]
международной нормативно-правовой базы для частных военных и охранных компаний и принятие […]

добровольных стандартов

[…]

для этого сектора.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

In 2009, the Working Group will hold another regional consultation in order to gather a further regional perspective about the current practices of private military and security companies recruiting personnel to be deployed in armed conflict, and to review steps taken by States to regulate and monitor the activities of private military and security companies.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

В 2009 году Рабочая группа проведет еще один тур региональных консультаций с целью выяснить подход еще одного региона к сложившимся формам деятельности частных военных и охранных компаний, ведущих вербовку персонала для направления в зоны вооруженных конфликтов, а также провести обзор мер, принимаемых государствами для регулирования и мониторинга деятельности частных военных и охранных компаний.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

The Working Group also is

[…]
aware that many Governments do not possess systematized information on which private military and security companies are registered in their territory, and which of these companies originating […]

in their country are

[…]

incorporated or registered abroad, perhaps in off-shore jurisdictions.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Рабочей группе известно также, что

[…]

многие правительства не

[…]
располагают систематизированной информацией о том, какие частные военные и охранные компании зарегистрированы на их территории и какие из этих компаний, созданных в их странах, оформлены или […]

зарегистрированы за

[…]

рубежом, возможно, в оффшорных юрисдикциях.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

One of the main conclusions of the Working

[…]
Group is that the activities of private military and security companies cannot be regulated only on the […]

basis of the International

[…]

Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, even after any potential amendment.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Один из основных выводов

[…]
Рабочей группы состоит в том, что деятельность частных военных и охранных компаний невозможно регулировать […]

лишь на основе

[…]

Международной конвенции о борьбе с вербовкой, использованием, финансированием и обучением наемников, даже при условии внесения в нее тех или иных возможных поправок.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

In carrying out its mandate, the Working Group has undertaken country visits, sent communications to and received communications from

[…]

Governments, organized regional consultations

[…]
with member States and elaborated a draft convention on private military and security companies.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

В ходе осуществления своего мандата Рабочая группа совершала визиты в страны, направляла правительствам и получала от них

[…]

сообщения, организовывала

[…]
региональные консультации с государствами-членами и подготовила проект конвенции о частных военных и охранных […]

компаниях.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org
Источник

A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as «security contractors» or «private military contractors«.

The services and expertise offered by PMCs are typically similar to those of governmental security, military, or police but most often on a smaller scale. PMCs often provide services to train or supplement official armed forces in service of governments, but they can also be employed by private companies to provide bodyguards for key staff or protection of company premises, especially in hostile territories. However, contractors that use armed force in a warzone may be considered unlawful combatants in reference to a concept that is outlined in the Geneva Conventions and explicitly stated by the 2006 American Military Commissions Act.[1]

The services of private contractors are used around the world. P. W. Singer, the author of Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, stated, «In geographic terms, it operates in over 50 countries. It’s operated in every single continent but Antarctica.» Singer noted that in the 1990s, there were 50 military personnel for every contractor and that the ratio is now 10 to 1. He also pointed out that the contractors have a number of duties, depending on who hires them. In developing countries that have natural resources, such as oil refineries in Iraq, they are hired to guard the area. They are hired also to guard companies that contract services and reconstruction efforts such as General Electric.

Apart from securing companies, they secure officials and government affiliates. Private military companies carry out many missions and jobs. Some examples have included close protection for Afghan President Hamid Karzai and piloting reconnaissance airplanes and helicopters as a part of Plan Colombia.[2][3] According to a 2003 study, the industry was then earning over $100 billion a year.[4]

According to a 2008 study by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, private contractors make up 29% of the workforce in the United States Intelligence Community and cost the equivalent of 49% of their personnel budgets.[5]

History[edit]

Modern PMCs trace their origins back to a group of ex-SAS veterans in 1965 who, under the leadership of the founder of the SAS, Sir David Stirling and John Woodhouse, founded WatchGuard International (formerly with offices in Sloane Street before moving to South Audley Street in Mayfair) as a private company that could be contracted out for security and military purposes.[6]

The company’s first assignment was to go to Yemen to report on the state of the royalist forces when a cease-fire was declared. At the same time Stirling was cultivating his contacts in the Iranian government and exploring the chances of obtaining work in Africa. The company eventually operated in Zambia and in Sierra Leone, providing training teams and advising on security matters. Stirling also organised deals to sell weapons and military personnel to other countries for various privatised foreign policy operations. Contracts were mainly with the Gulf States and involved weapons supply and training. The company was also linked with a failed attempt to overthrow Colonel Muammar Gaddafi from power in Libya in 1971. Woodhouse resigned as Director of Operations after a series of disagreements and Stirling himself ceased to take an active part in 1972.[7]

Stirling also founded KAS International (aka KAS Enterprises) and was involved in a collaboration with the World Wide Fund for Nature to forcibly reduce the illegal poaching and smuggling of elephant tusks in various countries of Southern Africa.[8] Other groups formed by ex-SAS servicemen were established in the 1970s and 80s, including Control Risks Group and Defence Systems, providing military consultation and training.

Dramatic growth in the number and size of PMCs occurred at the end of the Cold War, as Western governments increasingly began to rely on their services to bolster falling conventional military budgets. Some of the larger corporations are: Vinnell and Military Professional Resources Inc. in the United States; G4S and Keeni-Meeny Services in the United Kingdom; Lordan-Levdan in Israel and Executive Outcomes in South Africa.

The exodus of over 6 million military personnel from Western militaries in the 1990s expanded the recruiting pool for PMCs.

Some commentators have argued that there was an exodus from many special operations forces across the globe towards these private military corporations. Units that were allegedly severely affected included the British Special Air Service,[9][10] the US Special Operations Forces[11] and the Canadian Joint Task Force 2.[12]

The Center for Public Integrity reported that since 1994, the Defense Department entered into 3,601 contracts worth $300 billion with 12 U.S. based PMCs, specifically during the initial response after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans.

Domestic operations are generally under the auspice of state or federal agencies such as the Department of Energy or the Department of Homeland Security rather than the Department of Defense. Driven by increasingly greater fears of domestic terror attacks and civil unrest and disruption in the wake of disasters, more conventional security companies are moving into operations arenas that would fall within the definition of a PMC. The United States State Department also employs several companies to provide support in danger zones that would be difficult for conventional U.S. forces.

The October 2000 USS Cole bombing proved a pivotal moment for private military companies at sea, and directly led to the first contract between Blackwater and the US military.[13][14]

PMCs in Iraq[edit]

In December 2006, there were estimated to be at least 100,000 contractors working directly for the United States Department of Defense in Iraq which was a tenfold increase in the use of private contractors for military operations since the Persian Gulf War, just over a decade earlier.[15] The prevalence of PMCs led to the foundation of trade group the Private Security Company Association of Iraq. In Iraq, the issue of accountability, especially in the case of contractors carrying weapons, was a sensitive one. Iraqi laws do not hold over contractors.

U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld justified the use of PMCs in Iraq on the basis that they were cost effective and useful on the ground. He also affirmed that they were not subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice.[16]

Two days before he left Iraq, L. Paul Bremer signed «Order 17» giving all Americans associated with the CPA and the American government immunity from Iraqi law.[17] A July 2007 report from the American Congressional Research Service indicates that the Iraqi government still had no authority over private security firms contracted by the U.S. government.[18]

In 2007, the Uniform Code of Military Justice was amended to allow for prosecution of military contractors who are deployed in a «declared war or a contingency operation.»

PMCs supplied support to U.S. military bases throughout the Persian Gulf, from operating mess halls to providing security. They supplied armed guards at a U.S. Army base in Qatar, and they used live ammunition to train soldiers at Camp Doha in Kuwait. They maintained an array of weapons systems vital to the invasion of Iraq. They also provided bodyguards for VIPs, guard installations, and escort supply convoys from Kuwait. All these resources were called upon constantly.[4]

List of occurrences[edit]

  1. Employees of private military company CACI and Titan Corp. were involved in the Iraq Abu Ghraib prison scandal in 2003, and 2004. The U.S. Army «found that contractors were involved in 36 percent of the [Abu Ghraib] proven incidents and identified 6 employees as individually culpable»,[19] although none have faced prosecution unlike US military personnel.[19]
  2. On March 31, 2004, four American private contractors belonging to the company Blackwater USA were killed by insurgents in Fallujah as they drove through the town. They were dragged from their car in one of the most violent attacks on U.S. contractors in the conflict. Following the attack, an angry mob mutilated and burned the bodies, dragging them through the streets before they were hung on a bridge. (See also: 31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush, Operation Vigilant Resolve)
  3. On March 28, 2005, 16 American contractors and three Iraqi aides from Zapata Engineering, under contract to the US Army Corps of Engineers to manage an ammunition storage depot, were detained following two incidents in which they allegedly fired upon U.S. Marine checkpoint. While later released, the contractors have levied complaints of mistreatment against the Marines who detained them.
  4. On June 5, 2005, Colonel Theodore S. Westhusing committed suicide, after writing a report exonerating US Investigations Services of allegations of fraud, waste and abuse he received in an anonymous letter in May.
  5. On October 27, 2005, a «trophy» video, complete with post-production Elvis Presley music, appearing to show private military contractors in Baghdad shooting Iraqi civilians sparked two investigations after it was posted on the Internet.[20][21][22] The video has been linked unofficially to Aegis Defence Services. According to the posters, the man who is seen shooting vehicles on this video in Iraq was a South African employee of Aegis Victory team named Danny Heydenreycher. He served in the British military for six years. After the incident the regional director for Victory ROC tried to fire Heydenreycher, but the team threatened to resign if he did. Aegis, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. State Department each conducted a formal inquiry into the issue. The Army determined that there was no «probable cause to believe that a crime was committed.»[23]
  6. On September 17, 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the American security firm Blackwater USA over the firm’s involvement in the deaths of seventeen Iraqis in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade.[24][25] The company was allowed to continue to operate in Iraq until January 2009 when the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement took effect. Blackwater was one of the most high-profile firms operating in Iraq, with around 1,000 employees as well as a fleet of helicopters in the country. In 2014, four Blackwater employees were tried and convicted in U.S. federal court over the incident; one of murder, and the other three of manslaughter and firearms charges.[26]
  7. On March 12, 2017, Sallyport Global fired two investigators who alleged sex trafficking, alcohol smuggling, and security lapses by Sallyport employees at Balad Air Base in Iraq.[27]

Involvement in anti-piracy efforts[edit]

Since the late 2000s, PMCs have become increasingly involved in anti-piracy measures in Somalia and other regions. PMCs remain active in this region, mainly providing security for private shipping through the Gulf of Aden and at times contracting to aid UN efforts. PMCs were hired to deter pirates from attacking vessels and taking the shipping crew and their transport hostage. While, a large variety of international naval missions with the same goals such as the EU’s Atalanta, NATO’s Ocean Shield, and Combined Task Force 150 are and were active in this region, it is still necessary for the shipping companies to have security personnel on-deck. While these PMCs seem to be successful in providing this de-centralized form of security, it also has a large downside since, inherent to its de-centralized nature, it is very hard for the UN or other international organizations to provide effective oversight over what happens at the seas. Whereas, the UN showed that between 2010 and 2015 there were over 50 encounters between the national sovereign Navies, that participated in the missions, resulting in over 1200 detained pirates, only one PMC published information over this period.[28] Since the PMCs are so much more active in this area, and covering a larger part of it through it activities on board of trading ships, this could be a low estimate.[29] PMC presence in Somalia is an example of two violent non-state actors at sea engaged in combat with each other.

Fatalities[edit]

By the end of 2012, the number of contractors who had died in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kuwait had reached 3,000. Scholars have studied whether contractor deaths have an effect on the public’s «casualty sensitivity» when substituted for military fatalities.[30] Casualty sensitivity refers to the inverse relationship between military deaths and public support for a sustained military engagement. Contractor deaths may account for nearly 30% of total US battlefield losses since the beginning of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.[31]

Contractor fatalities by employer (2001–2011)

Employer Subsidiaries Fatalities
L3 Communications Titan Corporation, MPRI 373
The Supreme Group Supreme Food Services 241
Compass Security 163
Service Employees International 127
DynCorp DynCorp Technical Services 101
AEGIS Aegis Defense Service, Mission Essential Personnel 89

International legal issues[edit]

In October 2007, the United Nations released a two-year study that reported that, although hired as «security guards», private contractors performed military duties. Many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, are not signatories to the 1989 United Nations Mercenary Convention banning the use of mercenaries. A spokesman for the American mission to the U.N. office in Geneva (UNOG) said that «Accusations that U.S. government-contracted security guards, of whatever nationality, are mercenaries is inaccurate.»[32] An observer noted that the difficulty in separating private from public troops means that legal proceedings against these violent non-state actors can be complicated, and stated that contracted combatants carry the legitimacy of the state that hires them.[33]

Activities elsewhere[edit]

  • In 1994 and 1995, the South African-based PMC Executive Outcomes was involved in two military actions in Africa. In the first conflict, Executive Outcomes fought on behalf of the Angolan government against UNITA after a UN-brokered peace settlement broke down. In the second action, Executive Outcomes was tasked with containing a guerrilla movement in Sierra Leone, the Revolutionary United Front. Both missions involved personnel from the firm training four to five thousand combat personnel for the Angolan government and retaking control of the diamond fields and forming a negotiated peace in Sierra Leone.
  • In 1995, both Croatia and Bosnia hired Military Professional Resources Inc. (MPRI) to equip, train, and professionalize their armed forces.[34]
  • In 1999, an incident involving DynCorp in Bosnia was followed by a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) lawsuit being filed against DynCorp employees stationed in Bosnia. It alleged that «employees and supervisors from DynCorp were engaging in perverse, illegal and inhumane behavior and were illegally purchasing women, weapons, forged passports and participating in other immoral acts.»
  • In 2000, ABC Television’s international affairs program «Foreign Correspondent» broadcast a special report, «Sierra Leone: Soldiers of Fortune», focusing on the exploits of South African pilot Neall Ellis and his MI-24 Hind gunship.[35] The report also investigated the failures of the UN Peacekeeping Force and the involvement of mercenaries/private military contractors in providing vital support to UN operations and British military Special Operations in Sierra Leone in 1999–2000.[36]
  • On April 5, 2005, Jamie Smith, CEO of SCG International Risk announced the expansion of services from the traditional roles of PMCs of protection and intelligence to military aviation support. SCG International Air would provide air support, medevac (medical evacuation), rotary and fixed-wing transportation, heavy-lift cargo, armed escort, and executive air travel to «any location on earth.» That marked a unique addition and expansion of services to rival the capabilities of some countries’s armies and air forces.
  • On March 27, 2006, J. Cofer Black, the vice chairman of Blackwater USA, announced to attendees of a special operations exhibition in Jordan that his company could now provide a brigade-size force for low intensity conflicts. According to Black, «There is clear potential to conduct security operations at a fraction of the cost of NATO operations.» Those comments were later denied.[37]
  • In mid-May 2006, police in the Democratic Republic of the Congo arrested 32 alleged mercenaries of different nationalities; 19 from South Africa, 10 from Nigeria and three from the United States. Half of them worked for the South African company Omega Security Solutions, and the Americans worked for AQMI Strategy Corp. The men were accused of plotting to overthrow the government, but charges were not pressed. The men were deported to their home countries.[38][39]
  • In 2006, a US congressional report listed a number of PMCs and other enterprises that have signed contracts to carry out anti-narcotics operations and related activities as part of Plan Colombia. DynCorp was among those contracted by the State Department, and others signed contracts with the Defense Department. Other companies from different countries, including Israel, have also signed contracts with the Colombian Defense Ministry to carry out security or military activities.[3]
  • In December 2009, the Congressional Research Service, which provides background information to members of the United States Congress, announced that the deployment of 30,000 extra US troops into Afghanistan could be accompanied by a surge of «26,000 to 56,000» contractors. This would expand the presence of personnel from the US private sector in Afghanistan «to anywhere from 130,000 to 160,000.» The CRS study said that contractors made up 69 percent of the Pentagon’s personnel in Afghanistan in December 2008, a proportion that «apparently represented the highest recorded percentage of contractors used by the Defense Department in any conflict in the history of the United States.» In September 2008 their presence had dropped to 62 percent, and the US military troop strength increased modestly.[40][41][42]
  • Also in December 2009, a US House of Representatives oversight subcommittee stated that it had begun a wide-ranging investigation into allegations that American private security companies that were hired to protect Defense Department convoys in Afghanistan would be paying off warlords and the Taliban to ensure safe passage. That would mean that the United States unintentionally and indirectly engaged in a protection racket and might be indirectly funding the very insurgents it is trying to fight. A preliminary inquiry determined that the allegations warranted a deeper inquiry and focused initially on eight trucking companies that share a $2.2 billion Defense Department contract to carry goods and material from main supply points inside Afghanistan (primarily Bagram air base) to more than 100 forward operating bases and other military facilities in the country.[43]
  • In 2015, STTEP International, (Specialised Tasks, Training, Equipment & Protection) was credited with providing support to the Nigerian military that has proved decisive in containing Boko Haram activities in Nigeria. The chairman of STTEP, Eeben Barlow, is the former CEO and founder of Executive Outcomes.[44][45][46]
  • Since 2015, the United Arab Emirates hired an estimated 1,800 Latin American contractors and 400 Eritrean troops for training and combat to support the Yemeni government’s efforts against the Houthi rebels during the Yemeni Civil War.[47]
  • Contractors from the Frontier Services Group (FSG) have established close ties with Chinese state-owned firms since 2014 by providing security, logistics, and aviation for Chinese companies in dozens of countries across Asia, Africa, and Europe in connection with China’s Belt and Road Initiative.[48] In February 2019, FSG signed a preliminary deal with the Chinese government to establish a training base in Kashgar, Xinjiang.[49]
  • Russian Wagner Group mercenaries have been deployed in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, fighting alongside the Russian Armed Forces.

In wildlife preservation[edit]

The Central African-based park-ranger organization African Wildlife Defence Force contracts former servicemen and law enforcement personnel to protect national parks and private game ranches in Africa. Candidates must undergo additional retraining to become park rangers. They are also referred to as Private Ranger Contractors or PRC.

Relation to non-governmental organizations[edit]

The use of private security contractors by NGOs in dangerous regions is a highly sensitive subject.[50] Many NGOs have sought the services of private security contractors in dangerous areas of operation, such as Afghanistan, Somalia and Sudan due to the following reasons:[50]

  • Lack of knowledge/skills and time to adequately meet the challenges of deteriorating security environments; and
  • Administrative costs of managing security in-house and potential to outsource the liability.

Quite often the contractors hired are local companies and mostly are unarmed personnel guarding facilities, only very rarely are international contractors or mobile armed security personnel used.[50]

Contracted security services used by humanitarians % of organizations contracting from international PSPs % organizations contracting from local PSPs
Unarmed guards for facilities/residences/project sites 29% 77%
Physical security for premises 31% 55%
Security management consulting 37% 9%
Security training for staff 41% 4%
Risk assessment/threat analysis 36% 7%
Information services 26% 12%
Armed guards for facilities/residences/project sites 17% 14%
Standby security 13% 16%
Mobile escorts (armed) 9% 13%

However, there are a great many voices against their use who cite the following problems:[50]

  • Outsourcing security left NGOs reliant on contractors and unable to develop their own security thinking and make their own decisions
  • Perceived association of PSPs with state security, police or military services in turn compromises the ability of NGOs to claim neutrality, leading to increased risk;
  • Outsourcing may not necessarily lead to lower costs, and the cost of middlemen may result in more poorly paid and poorly trained personnel who turn over frequently and cannot adequately perform the job; and
  • NGOs have obligations beyond strictly legal liability that include political, ethical and reputational implications – if the organisation’s responsibility to prevent and mitigate any possible negative outcomes is better achieved through in-house security, this should be their choice.

The result is that many NGOs are not open about their use of PSPs and researchers’ at the Overseas Development Institute studies have found that sometimes statements at NGOs central headquarters contradict those given by local staff.[50] This prevents informative knowledge-sharing and debate on the subject needed to improve NGOs decisions regarding this issue, though there have been some notable exceptions (Afghanistan NGO Security Office (ANSO) and the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq (NCCI)).[50] The Private Security Contractor fulfills many different needs in the private and public sectors. While some nations rely heavily on the input of governments such as the US, other countries do not trust the US, so they tend to look for private contractors who will have a fiduciary obligation them. According to Joel Vargas, Director of Operations for Contingent Security Services, Ltd and assistant director for InterPort Police, it will be impossible to build democracies without having the assistance from the private sector performing activities for clients.[citation needed]

Future[edit]

After the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, the U.S. State Department is reportedly planning to more than double the number of its private security guards, up to as many as 7,000. Defending five fortified compounds across the country, the security contractors would operate radars to warn of enemy rocket attacks, search for roadside bombs, fly reconnaissance drones and even staff quick reaction forces to aid civilians in distress. Its helicopter fleet, which will be piloted by contractors, will grow from 17 to 29.[51]

Due to strain of United States Armed Forces, the U.S. State Department and The Pentagon has also outsourced the expanded military training in Africa to three companies: Military Professional Resources Inc., DFI International, and Logicon (now owned by Northrop Grumman).[34]

Regulation[edit]

Demands for specific PSC services have grown to record levels in recent decades, and private firm’s capabilities now include an array of services that are vital to the success of on-the-ground war fighting as well as other more traditional stability operations and contingency contracting. While past calls for corporate responsibility have heralded successes such as the Kimberley Process and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative in widespread international operations, there has also been a move within the PSC and contingency contracting industries to call for accountability and to implement a code of ethics for the retention of services and operations of such service providers. Existing credible accountability initiatives form a skeleton for governing the conduct of contractors, but much remains to be fleshed out to form a coherent and standardized framework from which to oversee such organizations and activities. Over the last decade there have been a number of initiatives to regulate the private security industry.[52] These include the ISO/PAS 28007:2012 Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies[53] and the ANSI/ASIS PSC.1 and PSC.4 standards.

ASIS Commission on Standards[edit]

Founded in 1955, ASIS is a society of individual security professionals dedicated to increasing the effectiveness and productivity of security professionals by developing educational programs and materials. ASIS is an ANSI-accredited Standards Developing Organization, and within ASIS the ASIS Commission on Standards and Guidelines works with national and international standards-setting organizations and industry representatives to develop voluntary standards and guidelines for security professionals. With funding from the U.S. Department of Defense, the ASIS Commission on Standards is currently promulgating four sets of standards for private security companies.[54]

The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers[edit]

In 2008, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Swiss government, and contributors from private security companies and the civil society/NGO sector developed and proposed the Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies. The document details international legal obligations and lists specific recommendations related to PSC services procurement practices and operational oversight, and clarifies the obligations of States pertaining to the hiring of such entities during armed conflicts.[55]

Cultural references[edit]

Films and television[edit]

In Marvel Television’s The Punisher on Netflix, a PMC by the name of «ANVIL» is heavily featured. ANVIL’s founder, Billy Russo, being one of the primary antagonists of the series. Much like real PMCs, ANVIL provides training spaces for U.S. forces on American and foreign soil.[56]

Video games[edit]

Private military companies are explored extensively in the Metal Gear franchise, with several games (particularly Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain) featuring the command of fictional PMCs.[57] In the game’s universe, which takes place in the 20th and 21st centuries, traditional militaries eventually collapse as the world becomes run by PMCs.[58]

The Ace Combat series frequently features mercenary pilots that are implied or stated to be part of PMCs. The protagonists of Air Combat, Ace Combat 2, Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War, Ace Combat: Joint Assault, and Ace Combat Infinity are depicted as mercenaries; Joint Assault and Infinity in particular specifically feature PMCs as the protagonists. Additionally, the similar game Project Wingman features the «Sicario Mercenary Corps» as the protagonist faction.

«Shadow Company», a secret PMC led by General Shepherd, appears as a major enemy faction in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and made it into the original game’s reboot as well as its sequel. In addition, the private military organization «Atlas Corporation» features in Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, the «Federation» soldier named is «Elite PMC» in Call of Duty: Ghosts and Call of Duty: Mobile.

In Contract Wars and its sequels, Hired Ops and Escape from Tarkov, the conflict depicted in the series erupts between two fictional PMCs, the Russian «BEAR» and the Western «USEC».[59]

In the Grand Theft Auto series, «Merryweather Security», parody of Blackwater, appears as an antagonistic force. They are a major antagonist in Grand Theft Auto V, and appear as both an antagonistic force and an optional indirect supporting faction in Grand Theft Auto Online.

In Girls’ Frontline, the PMC «Griffin and Kryuger» is the main protagonist faction.

In Watch Dogs: Legion, a PMC named «Albion» is one of the primary antagonistic factions.

See also[edit]

  • List of private military contractors
  • List of private security companies
  • Private police
  • Company police
  • Private army
  • Command responsibility
  • Condottieri
  • Defense contractor
  • Law of war
  • LOGCAP
  • Military–industrial complex
  • Personal Security Detachment
  • Private defense agency
  • Private intelligence agency
  • Privateer

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Sources[edit]

Academic publications[edit]

  • Arnold, Guy. Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 978-0-312-22203-1
  • Deborah D. Avant. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. George Washington University, August 2005. ISBN 0-521-61535-6
  • Deborah D. Avant and Kara Kingma Neu. 2019. «The Private Security Events Database.» Journal of Conflict Resolution.
  • Brillstein, Arik: Antiterrorsystem. Engel Publishing 2005
  • Brooks, Doug/ Rathgeber, Shawn Lee: The Industry Role in Regulating Private Security Companies, in: Canadian Consortium on Human Security — Security Privatization: Challenges and Opportunities, Vol. 6.3, University of British Columbia, March 2008.
  • Simon Chesterman & Chia Lehnardt, eds. From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.
  • Niccolò Machiavelli. The Prince. 1532. See ch. 12.
  • Amy E. Eckert, Outsourcing War: The Just War Tradition in the Age of Military Privatization, Cornell University Press, 2016.
  • Robert Mandel. Armies Without States: The Privatization of Security. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
  • Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (2014). «Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy». Politics & Policy. 42 (6): 824–849. doi:10.1111/polp.12100.
  • Fred Schreier & Marina Caparini. «Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies», DCAF Occasional Paper 6, The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, March 2005.
  • Filipa Guinote. «Private Military Firms and the State: Sharing Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law», Collection Ricerche, «Series E.MA Awarded thesis», vol. 7, Venice: Marsilio Editori, 2006.
  • David Shearer. Private Armies and Military Intervention, April 1998. ISBN 0-19-829440-9
  • P. W. Singer. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Cornell University Press, March 2004. ISBN 0-8014-8915-6
  • Stephan Maninger. «Soldiers of Misfortune – Is the Demise of National Armies a Core Contributing Factor in the Rise of Private Security Companies?», Private Security and Military Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects, eds. Gerhard Kümmel & Thomas Jäger. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. ISBN 978-3-531-14901-1
  • Hin-Yan Liu. «Leashing the Corporate Dogs of War: The Legal Implications of the Modern Private Military Company», Journal of Conflict and Security Law 15(1) 2010: 141–168. doi:10.1093/jcsl/krp025
  • Woolley, Peter J. «Soldiers of Fortune,» The Common Review, v. 5, no. 4 (2007), pp. 46–48.
  • Petrovic Predrag, Milosevic Marko, Unijat Jelena & Stojanovic Sonja. Private Security Companies – a Friend or a foe? [1]. Centre for Civil-Military Relations, 2008. ISBN 978-86-83543-51-9

Non-academic publications[edit]

  • Making A Killing, James Ashcroft. Virgin Books. ISBN 1-85227-311-9
  • Licensed to Kill : Privatizing the War on Terror, Robert Young Pelton ISBN 1-4000-9781-9
  • Three Worlds Gone Mad: Dangerous Journeys through the War Zones of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific, Robert Young Pelton, August 2006. ISBN 1-59228-100-1
  • An Unorthodox Soldier, Tim Spicer, September 2000. ISBN 1-84018-349-7
  • Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army, Jeremy Scahill, Nation Books. February 2007. ISBN 978-1-56025-979-4
  • Contractor, Giampiero Spinelli Mursia Editore 2009 ISBN 978-88-425-4390-9
  • Guns For Hire: The Inside Story of Freelance Soldiering, Tony Geraghty, Portrait. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7499-5145-0
  • Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues, Jennifer K. Elsea, Congressional Research Service, January 7, 2010
  • Irak, terre mercenaire : les armées privées remplacent les troupes américaines [Iraq, mercenary land: private armies replace US troops], by Georges-Henri Bricet des Vallons, Favre (Lausanne:Switzerland), January 2010. ISBN 978-2-8289-1095-2. Only in French.
  • Dirty Deeds Done Cheap: The Incredible Story of My Life from the SBS to a Hired Gun in Iraq, by Mike Mercer, John Blake. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84454-765-4

External links[edit]

Источник

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